MODUL 2

DISTILLATION
 Calculation methods for bubble point and dew point..

Bacis equations: bubble point : yi = Kixi =1

dew point : xi = yi/Ki 1

In multicomponent systems:
Ki or mi=distribution coeffisien yi/xi, for ideal solution = Pi/Pt

Read and give analysis example 9.3 treybal and 22.1 Mc.Cabe
 DISTILLATION

Distilllation: Differential/Simple/Batch Distillation

Single-stage operation (Flash Vaporization)
Continuous Rectification/Multi Stages Distl.
(Binary dan Multicomponent Systems)

Industrial Applications (examples):

- Batch : Separation n-heptane - n-octane (Fig.1A)

Separation Benzene, Toluene, Xylene (Fig 1B)
-Single stage :
Acetone - Air, Methanol - ethanol
- Multi Stages : refinery, separation of air (Fig. 1C)

Variables: Capacity, Purity

 Vapor : 72% B
Flash Vaporization 20% T
8% X
50% B
25% T
25% X
Liquid : 40% B
27% T
Figure 1A Flash Vaporization 33% X

Differential Distillation

Distillate : 61% n-C7

39% n-C8
50% n-C7
50% n-C8 Residue : 33% n-C7
67% n-C8
Figure 1B. Batch Distillation
 Continuous Distillation/Rectification

Fuel Gas

Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)

Naftha/Gasoline

Crude Middle tray

Oil Distillate
Liq vapor
Heavy Oil tray

Lubricating Oil

Residue

Figure 1C. Multi Stage Distillation/Crude Distillation Unit

The success of distillation process depends on distribution of
component in both liquid and gas phase
Equilibrium concentration in liquid-gas is important

Equilibrium diagram needed is Ordinary P-T-C (Binary)

Both components are soluble in all composition
See Fig 2 for binary equlibrium concentration
It will be focused on more volatile component
Ex:mixture of A-B : if vapor pressure A>B at all temperatures
x : mol fraction A in liq phase; y* : mol fraction A in gas
Diagram used is : x-y* at constant P

Relative volatility : Ratio between concentration of A and B

in both liquid and gas phase

a = (y*/(1-y*))/(x/(1-x)) = y*(1-x)/x(1-y*)
a = separation factor; a = 1 means ?
Fig 2 Diagram PTC for binary system
Fig 2 A Diagram TXY for binary system Fig 2B Diagram XY for binary system
Ideal Solution, Raoults Law
For a component :
Partial pressure at equilibrium (p*) equal to vapor pressure (P)
pA* = PAx dan pB* = PB(1 - x) Pt = pA* + pB* = PAx + PB(1-x)
x = (Pt-PB)/(PA-PB)
a = PA/PB y* = pA*/Pt
y* = PAx/Pt
Example for drawing x-y diagram
Bubble point(1 atm) n-heptane = 98,4oC and n-octane= 125,6oC. Draw
equilibrium x-y* diagram between those two temperatures.
T,oC PAmmHg PBmmHg x y*
98,4 760 333 1,0 1,0
105 940 417 0,65 0,81
110 1050 484 0,48 0,67
115 1200 561 0,31 0,49 Draw as x-y diagram
120 1350 650 0,16 0,28
125,6 1540 760 0,0 0,0
 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram
Enthalpy of liquid can be calculated by using eq:
HL = CL(tL t0)MAV + HS
HL = liq entalphy, CL =liq heat capacity, tL =liq temp
HS =heat of solution
Enthalpy of gas :
HG =y[CLAMA(tG-t0)+ AMA]+(1-y)[CLBMB(tG-t0)+BMB]
CLA=heat capacity of A, HS=heat of solution,tG=Boiling point
=latent heat
See HXY diagram in figure 3
Figure 3 Diagram HXY for binary system
SINGLE STAGE OPERATION - FLASH VAPORIZATION

Principles :
- Vaporization of part of liquid
- equilibrium reached
- separation of liquid and gas phase

Steps:
- Heating of feed
- reducing pressure
- Separation of liquid and gas in the separator
Figure 4 Single Stage Flash Vaporization
Material Balance

F =D + W
FzF = DyD + WxW
FHF + Q = DHD + WHW

simultaneously:
W yD zF H (H F Q/F)
D
D x W z F H W (H F Q/F)

-W/D : operating line slope

Flash Drum
Example
A liquid mixture containing 50 mol % h-heptane (A) and 50 mol% n-
octane at 800F is flash vaporized at1 atm to vaporize 60% of the feed.
Calculate the composition of the vapor and liquid products and the
separator temperature.
Basis: F=100 mol feed
zF=0,5
D=0,6x100=60 mol
W= 100-60=40 mol
Operating line slope = -W/D= -40/60= - 0,667
xW= 0,387, y*D=0,575
T separator= 1130C (235,40C)
Tutorial in using UNISIM R.390.1for Flash Vaporization
Open UNISIM
New Case
Component, Add, add desired component, Add Pure, add second component, Add
Pure, repeat until all components added, Close
Fluid Pkgs, Add, choose Package, Close
Enter Simulation Envi.
Double click separator at palate
Insert name: separator, F, D and W, close
Double click F stream
Click Variables, fill Phase, Temperature, flow rate,
Click : composition
Check : solve already?(green colour and OK ), close
Showing the results: click stream D or W, show table
Multicomponent system for Flash Vaporization

If ideal gas equation can not be used, fugacity

can be applied for substituting vapor pressure and total pressure.
Therefore Raoults law at constant T can be described as:
y*J = mJ xJ
J = component
m = PJ /Pt

Relation between D and W becomes : y*JD = mJ xJW

Operating lines slope : W/D = (mJ xJW - zJF)/(zJF - xJW)
= (y*JD - zJF)/(zJF - y*JD /mJ)
z JF (W/D 1)
then : y *JD in which S y*JD = 1
1 W/Dm J
and z (W/D 1) S xJW = 1
x JW JF
m J W/D J
Example
A solution containing 50% mol Benzene (A), 25% mol Toluene
(B) And 25% mol Xylene (C) will be flashed vaporization at100oC 1 atm
Calculate amount of vapor and liquid products and their composition.
Raoults law : y* = Px/Pt = mx =====> m = P/Pt
Calculation of this system needs W/D ==> trial & error

Component PJ m zF y*D xW
W/D=3 W/D=
A 1370 1.803 0,5 0,75
B 550 0,25
C 200 0,25
Fill in !!!!
For F = 100 mol, W/D = ===> W = mol,
D= mol
Composition in W is xW and D is y*D
Assigment 2 :

1. Define component A and B, calculate using analytical method and software

if the mixture of them is flash vaporized
2. Similar to no.1, calculate for mixture of A, B and C components
3. Reading assigment : Treybal 402-418 and Mc.Cabe 666-691 (7 ed)