Motivation

by
M. Kamrul Hasan
Joint Director (Rural Education and
Social Development), BARD
Introduction to Motivation
Motivation can be defined as the desires, needs
and interest that arouse or activate and direct it
toward a specific goal.

Motivation is the energy of a person derives

from biological and social factors which
force to achieve a particular aim on
satisfaction ground.
Some are primary needs, such as physiological
requirements for water, air, food, sleep, and
shelter. Other needs may be regarded as
secondary, such as self esteem, status,
affiliation with others, affection, giving,
accomplishment, and self assertion. Naturally,
these needs vary in intensity and over time
among different individuals.
Dynamism of human behaviour: a
case of athlete
Generally, athletes are spending every last
ounce of energy to excel.
Why the athletes perform the best excellence of
sport.
What are the factors responsible for energized
or activates behaviour?
The rationale of competitive drives and need for
recognition.
Athletes
Perception and Motivation
Sensation plus meaning is perception.
Motivation is the force that initiates, guides,
and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It
is what causes us to take action
Longman dictionary
motivation
1 [uncountable] eagerness and willingness to do something without
needing to be told or forced to do it.
somebody's motivation efforts to improve employees' motivation
Jack is an intelligent pupil, but he lacks motivation.
a high level of motivation
2 [countable] the reason why you want to do something
motivation for (doing) something
What was your motivation for becoming a teacher?
Escape can be a strong motivation for travel.
Motivation
Cambridge dictionary
Oxford dictionary (last two)
motivation: enthusiasm for doing something:
the need or reason for doing something:
A reason or reasons for acting or behaving in a
particular way:
[MASS NOUN] Desire or willingness to do
something; enthusiasm: keep staff up to date
and maintain interest and motivation
Importance of Motivation
Achievement of organisational goals
Increase of production and service
Dynamic and morale development
Cost effective
Utilisation of human resources
What are motivation for doing
something
Motivation intrinsic (innate) and
extrinsic (outside)
Motivation for Bangladesh
Independence
 The Need-Want-Satisfaction Chain

Motivation: the Carrot and the Stick

Mcgregors theory X and theory Y

The hierarchy of Needs Theory

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
ERG motivation theory Alderfer
Existence Needs
Include all material and physiological desires (e.g., food, water, air,
clothing, safety, physical love and affection). Maslow's first two levels.
Relatedness Needs
Encompass social and external esteem; relationships with significant
others like family, friends, co-workers and employers . This also means to
be recognized and feel secure as part of a group or family. Maslow's third
and fourth levels.
Growth Needs
Internal esteem and self actualization; these impel a person to make
creative or productive effects on himself and the environment (e.g., to
progress toward one's ideal self). Maslow's fourth and fifth levels. This
includes desires to be creative and productive, and to complete
meaningful tasks.
Even though the priority of these needs differ from person to person,
Alberger's ERG theory prioritises in terms of the categories'
concreteness. Existence needs are the most concrete, and easiest to
verify. Relatedness needs are less concrete than existence needs,
which depend on a relationship between two or more people.
Finally, growth needs are the least concrete in that their specific
objectives depend on the uniqueness of each person.
McClellands theory
The achievement motivation
The power motivation
The affiliation motivation
Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation
Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory of
Motivation
 Goal-setting theory (Latham & Locke): Having
clear, specific and challenging goals motivate
people.
Reinforcement theory (Skinner): Human
behaviour is shaped by the previous positive or
negative outcomes experienced by a person as
a consequence of an action. Only positive
reinforcement (rewards) should be used to
encourage desired behaviours.
 Equitytheory (Adams): People are
motivated by their desire to be treated
equitably. Perceptions of unfair allocation
of rewards can lead to conflict.
 Bureaucratic Vs humanistic value
systems (Chris Argyris). Bureaucratic / pyramidal
organisational values dominate most
organisations (the equivalent to McGregors
Theory X); relationships in this environment result
in decreased interpersonal competence, fostering
mistrust; intergroup conflict and leading to a
decrease in success in problem solving;
Humanistic values lead to trusting authentic
relationships and improve interpersonal and
intergroup cooperation.
self-motivation

initiative to undertake or continue a task or

activity without another's prodding or supe
rvision.
Techniques of Motivation in an
organization
Financial
Non financial
Id, ego, superego of Freud (iceberg
metaphor)
Organisation ice berg
Life and Death Instincts
Freud saw all human behavior as
motivated by the drives or instincts, which
in turn are the neurological representations
of physical needs. At first, he referred to
them as the life instincts.
libido, from the Latin word for "I desire.
reality principle
Pleasure principle gives us perpetual
motion
How to motivate yourself and
employee
For employee: incentives - financial and
non financial
Reward and supervision
Limitation of motivation : huge mindset
differentiation of employees, corruption,
favoritism, lack training and frustration
 Thanks for kind attention