Chapter 2

The Physiological Bases of

Behavior

Jannet C.Broas
Activity #1 Chapter 2
In a yellow paper,answer the following:
1. Give the brief definition of the ff:
a. neurons
b. stimulus
c. response
d. effector
e. reflexes
2. Make a web mapping showing the nervous
system and its division and its parts. Give the
description of each part and sub part.
3. Give at least 5 endocrine glands with the
corresponding hormones its secreted and its
function.
Nervous System
 Chapter 2
The Physiological Bases of
Behavior

Prepared by: Maam Jannet C.Broas

 Human Nervous System
Three specific functions:
Receiving sensory input
Performing integration
Generating motor output

Stimulus This is any physical or chemical change in the

environment that is capable of eliciting a reaction from a living
system.
Receptors specialized structures or sense organs whose primary
role is to receive the various stimuli
Chemical receptors Olfactory bulb and Taste Bud
Mechanical receptors Cutaneous receptors of skin, eyes and ears
Effectors muscles and glands, which reacts after the response is
transmitted by the motor nerves
Neurons are specialized cells
in the nervous system that
send and receive information.
1. Cell body (soma) NEURON
Enclosedby a
membrane, with
nucleus, cytoplasm
and cellular
organelles.
2. Dendrites
Numerous
extensions that is
short and branched
Connect with other
neurons to collect
stimuli and pass
these on to the
cell body
3. Axon
NEURON
Projections from the
cell body that is long
and thin
conducts nerve
impulses
Any long axon is also
called a nerve fiber
Covered by myelin
sheath
4. Terminal Branches/
Synaptic Terminals
Attached to
receptors of the
body
Synapse specialized NEURON
junction that the
message must cross
between the axon of
one neuron and the
dendrites of the
other neurons.

Reflexes these are

responses, which
usually occur below
the level of
consciousness
Simple Reflex
Conditional Reflex
 Types of Neuron
1. Motor Neurons/Efferent
Accept nerve impulses
from the CNS
Transmit them to
muscles or glands

2. Sensory Neurons/Afferent
Accept impulses from
sensory receptors
Transmit them to the
CNS

3. Interneurons/Association
Convey nerve impulses
between various parts
of the CNS
 Nervous System

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

Brain Spinal Cord Somatic NS Autonomic NS

Voluntary Involuntary Sympathetic Parasympathetic

 Human Nervous System
1. Central Nervous System
(CNS)
Includes the brain and
spinal cord
Liesin the midline of the
body
2. The Peripheral Nervous
system (PNS)
Contains cranial nerves
and spinal nerves that
gather info from sensors
and conduct decisions to
effectors
Lies outside the CNS
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
A. Brain
A delicate vital organ
of the nervous system
Protective coverings of
the brain:
1. Cranial bone
2. Meninges
3. Cerebrospinal fluid.

3 Parts of the Brain

1. Forebrain Thalamus,
Hypothalamus,
Cerebrum
2. Midbrain for hearing,
vision relay point and
pain sensation
3. Hind brain Medulla,
pons, Cerebellum
 Parts of the Forebrain
1. Thalamus and
Hypothalamus
a major message relay
center, regulates function
of higher brain centers and
peripheral nervous system.
For motivation, emotion
and stress reactions

2. Cerebrum
The largest division of the
brain
Associated with
intelligence, imagination,
memory, learning and
reasoning
Parts of the Cerebrum

1. Occipital lobe
2. Temporal lobe
3. Parietal lobe
4. Frontal lobe
 Parts of the Hindbrain
1. Cerebellum
Occupies the lowest
posterior part of the
skull.

The 2nd largest part of

the brain.

Coordinates activities of
groups of muscles and
controls skeletal
muscles for balancing

Assume a role in the

integration of touch,
hearing and sight
sensation
2. Medulla oblongata
For reflexes and coordination of Parts of the Hindbrain
movement
Vital nuclei
Center of reflexes controlling
the heart action, blood
vessel diameter and
respiration
Non-vital nuclei
Responsible for vomiting,
coughing, sneezing,
hiccupping and swallowing.

3. Pons varoli
Lies above the medulla
For the regulation of sleep-wake
cycle
also serve as centers of reflexes
and help regulate respiration and
serves as conduction pathway
between the cord and other
parts of the brain
 Limbic System

This lies deep within the brain

The primitive part of the brain containing the thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala
and hypothalamus.
Hemispheres of the Brain
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
Dominant Hemisphere Minor Hemisphere

Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere

Number skills Insight
Written language 3-D forms
Reasoning Art awareness
Spoken Language Imagination and creativity
Scientific skills Music awareness
Ambidexterous- can Aphasia inability to
write with both hands communicate through written and
spoken language
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
B. Spinal Cord
Size varies in different
vertebrates (18 inches
in an average man)

This serves as pathway

for the conduction of
impulses between the
peripheral nervous
system and the brain

The reflex center for

numerous local
reflexes.
 The Autonomic Nervous System
Main role is to keep
internal organs,
gland and muscles
working
appropriately.

Directs all activities

of the body that
occur without a
persons conscious
control, such as
breathing and food
digestion.

Glands release
chemicals that
activate the Nervous
system
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic ANS
This is most active
in times of stress
Involve the
expenditure of the
energy
Functions:
1. Most active when
angry, afraid or
aroused
2. Fight-or-flight
response
3. Increases heart
rate and
breathing
4. Stops digestion
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
2. Parasympathetic ANS
Controls maintenance activities
and helps conserve the bodys
energy.
Controls quiet activities such as
sexual
arousal, salivation, lacrimation (t
ears), urination, digestion and def
ecation
Functions:
Calms body
Produce effects opposite to those
of the sympathetic division
Reduces heart rate and breathing
Restores digestion
SPLIT BRAIN METHOD
Split brain
- an operation done to
separate the brain that
requires cutting of corpus
callosim
- First experimented by Roger
Sperry on cats
- First done on human on US
Army veterans experiencing
seizure
- It subject correctly retrieves
an object by touch with the
left hand when its name is
flashed to the right
hemisphere, but he cannot
name the object or describe
what he has done
 Message system
Nervous System
wherein the brain is master control
of the body
-it produces all our conscious acts
and thoughts and maintaining our
unconscious body operations.
Endocrine system
- Distributes the bodys hormones
controlled by the hypothalamus
and pituitary gland
The Endocrine System
This is also known as the
ductless glands
They pour secretions
directly into the blood
stream
This have strong impact on
behavior.
Under the control of the
hypothalamus that
contains the master gland
called pituitary gland
Hormones: Chemical signals
manufactured and secreted
into the blood in one part of
the body and that affect
other parts of the body.
Endocrine glands
1. Pituitary Gland
Hormone:
Growth hormone and
hormones that affect
other endocrine glands
bodys master gland
Function:
Regulates normal body
growth and instructs the
glands to release their
hormones
Disorders:
Overproduction results
to giantism/Acromegaly
Underproduction results
to dwarfism
 Endocrine glands
2. Thyroid Gland
Hormone:
Thyroxine
Function:
Brain development and metabolism

Disorder:
Over secretion results to
hyperthyroidism
Under secretion results to
hypothyroidism
Poor development result to
cretinism
 Endocrine glands
3. Parathyroid gland
Hormone:
Parathyroid hormone

Function:
Regulates calcium and
phosphate levels in the
blood

Disease:
Insufficient production of
parathyroid hormone
leads to tetany
Endocrine glands

4. Pancreas
Hormone:
Insulin and Glucagon

Function:
Regulates blood sugar levels

Disorder:
Diabetes mellitus type I
5. Adrenal Gland
Hormone:
Adrenalinand
noradrenalin
Function:
Regulates heartbeat and
blood pressure and Endocrine Glands
functions for stress
response
Disorder:
Addisonsdisease -
hyperpigmentation
Cushingsdisease rapid
weight gain
 Endocrine glands
6. Pineal Gland
Hormone:
Melatonin

Function:
Regulates
sleep-wake
cycle

Disorder:
Sleep disorder
Endocrine glands 7. Ovaries
Hormone:
Estrogen and
Progesterone

Function:
Secondary sexual
changes and prepares
female for pregnancy

Disorder:
Disorders
in sexual
development in females
8.Testes/Testis/Testicles Endocrine Glands
Hormones:
Androgen and
Testosterone

Function:
Secondary sexual
changes and sperm
cell production,
sexual behavior

Disorder:
Disorders in sexual
development in
males
Thank you for
listening
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