CENTROID

KNOW HOW TO FIND THE CENTROID OF A COMPOUND SECTION

MOMENT OF INERTIA
Know how to find first moment of inertia (which is useful to find the
bending shear stress),
second moment of inertia (which is useful to find the bending
compressive and bending tensile stress),
product of inertia (which is used to locate the principal axes, where
the product inertia is zero) and
polar moment of inertia (sum of second moment inertia about both
axes).
Also train up yourself for the direction of principal axes and the
magnitude of principal moment of inertia.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELASTIC CONSTANTS
In the derivation between modulus of rigidity and the elastic modulus,
the pure shear specimen (that is the specimen will be subjected to shear
stress only) will have internally tensile stress and compressive stress
diagonally, having magnitude equal to the shear stress.
In the derivation of between elastic modulus and bulk modulus, you
should know how to find the volumetric strain of a cube subjected to the
hydrostatic pressure.
Generalised hooks law equations for finding the change in dimensions,
when the elastic body is subjected to uniaxial load or uniaxial stress, biaxial
load or biaxial stress and triaxial load or triaxial stress. (concentrate on
cylindrical specimen, where there is change in diameter or change in
length)
PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND PRINCIPAL STRAIN
See the concept of the principal stresses AND principal strains.
Also know how to find the direction of principal axes , magnitude of
principal stresses or strains and the maximum shear stress or shear
strain.
So far principal strains or maximum shear strain problems are not
given.
PRISMATIC MEMBERS WITH AXIAL LOADS
See the problems on the axially loaded, prismatic or non prismatic
members (tapered rods), composite members.
Temperature effect and self weight effect on the members are also
important.
THIN CYLINDERS
Know the concept in thin cylinders. Study various stresses and strains
in the cylinder subjected to internal pressure.
Also know how to design (i.e. finding the thickness of cylinder) the
cylinder if the internal pressure and the permissible stress of the
materials are given.
Also know how to find the principal stresses and the principal strains.
If time permits also see the thin spherical shells.
COLUMNS
Know what is slenderness ratio, radius of gyration and its relationship.
Eulers formula, assumptions in deriving the various critical load
formulas for various boundary conditions of columns.
Also know the corresponding effective length of the column.
Know core or kernel of a section (area where the axial load can be
placed without any tensile stresses in the section).
Know the difference in words of crippling load and buckling load
TORSION
Know what is torsional rigidity (i.e.GJ= modulus of rigidity x polar
moment of inertia),
Relationship between Horse power and Torsion
TRUSS STABILITY, DETERMINATE OR
INDETERMINATE OR STATIC INDETERMINANCY OR
KINEMATIC INDETERMINANCY
Study the Truss stability i.e. minimum three members (or) m= 2j-3.
For static indeterminacy it is sum of internal (i.e. m- (2j-3)) and
external ( i.e. No.of reactions -3).
For kinematic indeterminacy it is Number of unrestrained
displacements i.e. at each joint of 2D Truss frame, it is TWO
DISPLACEMENTS i.e. horizontal and vertical displacement. So count
the joints and multiply the TWO displacements.
Also know the method of SECTIONS and method of joints in truss
analysis. Also find the rules for TRUSS analysis, i.e. directly you can
say some members are having zero forces.
Practice a Cantilever TRUSS problems.
TRUSS PROBLEMS WITH EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
OR SHORTAGE OF LENGTH OR SETTLEMENT OF
THE SUPPORTS
Some TRUSS problems will be given without any loads at the joints,
but you have to find the forces in the members
due to temperature change in the members or
shortage of length in the members or
due to settlement of the supports.
BEAMS VERSES SHEAR FORCE OR BENDING
MOMENT DIAGRAM
Mostly they will not ask you direct problems, but with continuous beams with internal
hinge. So practice and know how the BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
with internal hinges.
In some problems they will give either bending moment or shear force diagram, from
that you have to identify the loading and the type of beam.

In some beam problems, they may give different loading i.e. load will be eccentric to the
beam or the support may be spring type instead of roller or hinge or fixed type.

Cantilever beams with multiple curves (example sine boards) and perpendicular
bendings with a loading of couple or point loads also tried.

In all the above problems what you have to learn is that FREE BODY DIAGRAM i.e.
separate the beam parts and do the analysis
BENDING TENSILE OR BENDING COMPRESSIVE
STRESS AND BENDING SHEAR STRESS
You know both pure bending formula, where you have to concentrate on
the TRANFORMATION (changing into one material with modular ratio,
generally if you want change from the lower modulus to higher modulus
you have to multiply with modular ratio = ratio of Higher modulus of
elasticity to the lower modulus of elasticity of that dimension, whereas if
you want to change from higher modulus to lower modulus to the
dimension should be multiplied with the modular ratio) of the given
section i.e. problems on flitched beams i.e. timber and steel or concrete
and steel reinforcement and bending shear stress formula- in this you have
to concentrate on the I beams or T-beams i.e. Timber joists. When you
connect flange member with web member, the connection called NAILS are
to be used. These nails are to be placed with spacing. This spacing can be
found using TOTAL BENDING SHEAR FORCE Calculation. Also know the
Bending shear stress distribution for various sections i.e. I section, T-
section etc
THREE HINGED ARCHES
Know the analysis of three hinged arches using different loads i.e.
point loads or partially or fully uniformly distributed loads on the
span
BENDING MOMENT IN SIMPLE INDETERMINATE
BEAMS OR DETERMINATE FRAMES LIKE PROPPED
CANTILEVER BEAM
Compatibility method to solve two span continuous beam and
propped cantilever beam for udl and point loads
KINEMATIC INDETERMINANCY AND STATIC
INDETERMINANCY
Know how to calculate the kinematic and static indeterminacy of
beams and rigid frames. Know the difference between kinematic
indeterminacy- number of unknown or unrestrained displacements,
Static Indeterminacy- number of unknown forces in the members and
reactions
SLOPE AND DEFLECTIONS OF STANDARD
CASES
Try to see many problems to find the slope and deflections using
double differential equation
CONJUGATE BEAM
Understand the concept, that how to form the conjugate beam for a
given type of beam and loading. This method is also used to find the
slope and deflection after forming the conjugate beam
APPROXIMATE METHODS OF ANALYSIS-
CANTILEVER AND SUBSTITUTE FRAME METHOD
Check the concepts of approximate methods of analysis in the notes
given in the ADVANCED REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN- VII
SEMESTER. We know that the SUSTITUTE FRAME METHOD IS USED
TO FIND THE BENDING MOEMENT AND SHEAR FORCE AT ANY FLOOR
LEVEL USING GRAVITY LOADS ONLY i.e. dead load and live loads,
whereas CANTILEVER METHOD OR PORTAL METHODS ARE USED TO
FIND THE BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE ON THE RIGIG
FRAMES SUBJECTED TO HORIZONTAL LOADS (i.e. wind loads and
earthquake loads)
DEFLECTION DIAGRAMS FOR FRAMES OR
BEAMS
Know how to draw the deflection diagrams of continuous beams and
frames subjected to loads
FLEXIBILITY MATRIX and STIFFNESS MATRIX
Know the concepts of flexibility and stiffness methods. Also know
how to form the stiffness and flexibility matrix of beams, frames and
trusses of simple case i.e. of the order of 2 x 2 matrix
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STIFFNESS MATRIX
AND FLEXIBILITY MATRIX
Know how to convert from flexibility matrix to stiffness matrix or vice
versa of the order of 2 x 2 matrix or 3x3 matrix only
STRAIN ENERGY
Know the strain energy of axially loaded members (i.e. for truss
members), beam members (in the beams) and torsional members (in
shafts generally). Know the TWO THEOREMS OF CASTIGLIANOS FIRST
AND SECOND and its APPLCIATIONS (i.e. to find the slope and
deflections or unknown force. Know also MAXWELLS RECIPROCAL
THEOREMS
UNIT LOAD METHOD and VIRTUAL WORK
METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
UNIT LOAD METHOD AND VIRTUAL WORK METHOD is the extension
to Strain energy concepts to find the unknown forces in the
indeterminate truss problems
SHEAR CENTRE
Know the concept of Shear Centre. If the load either axial load (in the
case of columns) or transverse loads (in the case of beams) are not
passing through the shear centre, then the members will have
torsion. So to avoid the torsion in the members, pass the load
through the shear centre. Also know how to find the shear centre for
various cross sections.
ILD FOR DETERMINATE OR INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
ILD is the variation of a particular force, when the unit load is
travelled from one point to other point. This ILD can be drawn to a
member in the truss or reaction to the structure or bending moment
or shear force in the beams.
Also know the concept in the ILD for the reaction, bending moment
and shear force of an indeterminate structures using Muller Breslau
Principle
ILD FOR THREE HINGED ARCHES
Know how to find the ILD for THRUST, SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING
MOMENT OF arches