Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
B110556EE
S8 EEE,B2 BATCH
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
POWER QUALITY DEFINITION
INCREASED INTEREST IN POWER QUALITY
CAUSES OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES
AUTOMATIC POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCE CLASSIFIERS
POWER QUALITY MONITORING
REAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEM
ANALYSIS OF POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
BENEFITS OF POWER QUALITY MONITORING
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION
The aim of power system is to supply electrical energy or
power to customers.
Non linear loads,utility switching and fault clearing produce
disturbances that affect the quality of this delivered power.
In the present scenario,electric power is viewed as an integral
product with certain characteristics,which can be measured,
predicted,guaranteed and improved.
The term `power quality emerged as a result of this new
emphasis.
3
Contd..
Power quality means the quality of the normal voltage
supplied to our homes, factories, etc.
It is based on the extent of variation of the voltage and current
waveforms from the ideal pure sinusoidal waveforms of
fundamental frequency.
To improve the power quality,it is necessary to know what kind
of disturbances occurred.
A power quality monitoring system that is able to
automatically detect,characterise and classify disturbances on
electrical lines is thus required.
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AN OVERVIEW : TOPICS COVERED
TYPES OF
DISTURBANCES
DISTURBANCES
AUTOMATIC
POWER QUALITY
DISTURBANCE
CLASSIFIER
POWER
POWER QUALITY
QUALITY MONITORS
REAL TIME
MONITORING SYSTEM
MONITORING
DATA ANALYSIS
BENEFITS OF POWER
QUALITY MONITORING
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POWER QUALITY DEFINITION
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INCREASED INTEREST IN POWER
QUALITY
Power Quality problems cost US business a loss of more than
15 billion dollars a year,as per IBM studies.
Equipments have become more sensitive to voltage
disturbances.
Equipments like rectifiers cause voltage disturbances.
Power Quality is measurable with the advanced modern
electronic equipments.
Growing awareness of users.
Increased emphasis on efficiency and reliability at a limited
cost.
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CAUSES OF POWER QUALITY
PROBLEMS
Difficult to point an exact cause for a specific problem.
Broadly divided into 2 categories:
1.Internal causes
i)About 80% of Power Quality problems originate within a
business facility.
ii)Due to large equipments start or shut down,improper wiring
and grounding,overloaded circuits or harmonics.
2.External causes
i)About 20% of Power Quality problems originate within the
utility transmission and distribution system.
ii)Due to lightning strikes,equipments failure,weather conditions
etc.
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POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES
Power Quality disturbances can be divided into 2 basic
categories:
1.Steady-state variations:-Small deviations from the desired
voltage or current values.
i)voltage fluctuations
ii)voltage and current unbalance
iii)harmonic distortion
iv)high frequency voltage noise
2.Events:-Significant sudden deviations of voltage or current from
the nominal or ideal wave shape.
i)interruptions
ii)voltage sag
iii)voltage swell
iv)transients 9
1.i) VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
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1.ii) VOLTAGE AND CURRENT UNBALANCE
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1.iii) HARMONIC DISTORTION
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1.iv) HIGH FREQUENCY VOLTAGE NOISE
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2.i) INTERRUPTIONS
Supply interruption occurs when voltage at supply terminals
is close to zero.
Normally initiated by faults which subsequently trigger
protection measures.
Based on the duration, interruptions are subdivided into:
1)Sustained interruptions, which are terminated through
manual restoration or replacement.
2)Temporary interruptions ,which last less than 2 minutes and
terminated through automatic restoration.
3)Momentary interruptions, which are terminated through self
restoration.
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2.ii) VOLTAGE SAG
Decrease in the RMS value of the
voltage, ranging from a half cycle to few
seconds(less than 1 minute).
Referred to as under voltage, if
continues for longer duration.
Causes:
1)Faults on the transmission or
distribution networks.
2)Connection of heavy loads.
Consequences:
1)Malfunction of microprocessor based
control systems.
2)Loss of efficiency in electrical rotating
machines. 15
2.iii) VOLTAGE SWELL
Momentary increase of the voltage, at the
power frequency, outside the normal
tolerances with duration of more than 1
cycle, and typically less than 1 minute.
Referred to as over voltage', if continues
for longer duration.
Causes:
1)Start and stop of heavy loads.
2)poorly regulated transformers
Consequences:
1)Flickering of lighting and screens.
2)Damage of sensitive equipments.
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2.iv)TRANSIENTS
Sub cycle disturbances of very short duration that vary greatly in
magnitude.
Mainly subdivided into:
1)Impulsive transient, where there is a large deviation of the
waveform for a very short duration in one direction, followed
possibly by a couple of smaller transients in both directions.
2)Oscillatory transient, where there is a ringing signal or
oscillation following the initial transient.
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AUTOMATIC POWER QUALITY
DISTURBANCE CLASSIFIERS
Used to classify various power quality disturbances.
Consist of 3 main units, namely ,
1)Pre-processing unit
Disturbance signal is passed to this unit
It has 2 function blocks:
segmentation
feature extraction
Additional
processing
2. Event segments
with a stationary signal
from which features can be extracted.
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2) FEATURES EXTRACTION
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Contd..
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3) POWER QUALITY CLASSIFIER
Statistical classifiers
Suitable when large amount of data from training of the
classifiers is available.
E.g.:-Artificial Neural Network.
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CLASSIFICATION APPROACHES
i) ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK BASED CLASSIFIERS
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BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM
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iii)FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEM BASED CLASSIFIERS
27
Contd..
Fuzzifier
Maps crisp numbers into fuzzy sets.
Needed in order to activate rules which are in terms of linguistic
variables having fuzzy sets associated with them.
This step is called fuzzy matching,which calculates the degree
that the input data match the conditions of the fuzzy rules.
Inference engine
Maps fuzzy sets into fuzzy sets.
Handles the way in which the rules are combined.
There are 2 common approaches for the inferences, namely,
1) Clipping method,which cuts off the top of the membership
function,where value is higher than the matching degree.
2) Scaling method,which scales down the membership
function in proportion to the matching degree.
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Contd..
Knowledge base
Is a set of fuzzy rules expressed as a collection of if-then
statements,provided by the experts.
Defuzzifier
Maps output fuzzy sets into crisp numbers.
Widely used defuzzification methods are :
center of area(COA or centroid) method ,which derives the
crisp number by calculating the weighed average of the output
fuzzy sets.
maximum of membership (MOM) method,which chooses the
value with maximum membership degree as the crisp
number.
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FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM
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DISADVANTAGES OF FUZZY CLASSIFIER
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4) DECISION MAKING
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CASE STUDY
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2)PERMANENT MONITORS
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PERMANENTLY INSTALLED FULL SYSTEM
MONITOR
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REAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEM
This permanent monitoring system has the following
components :-
1) Measurement instruments
Involves both the voltage recorder and disturbance analyser.
Has a trigger circuit to detect events.
Includes a data acquisition board to acquire all the triggered and
sampled data.
2) Monitoring workstation
Used to gather all information from the measuring instruments.
Periodically send information to a control workstation.
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3) Control workstation
This station configures the parameters of measuring
.
instruments.
Gathers and stores the data coming from the remote
monitoring workstations.
Does the data analysis and export.
4) Control software
This software drives the control workstation.
Does the analysis and processing of data.
Algorithms used for processing varies according to the system
used.
Algorithms used may be based on wavelet transforms or
expert systems or some other advanced technique.
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5) Database server
.
6) Communication channels
Selection of communication channel strongly depends on
monitoring instruments,connectivity functions and on their
physical locations.
Some of the possible channels are fixed telephone channels by
using a modem and mobile communication system by using a GSM
modem.
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CONFIGURATION OF REAL TIME MONITORING
SYSTEM
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DATA ANALYSIS OF POWER QUALITY
MEASUREMENTS
Analysis is done by the control software and the method of
analysis depends on the type of disturbance.
Main objective of an analyser is to identify the type of event.
Analyser looks for parameters in the measured data to
characterise the waveform.
Since individual inspection of all wave shapes is not easy due
to the large size of database, a few characteristics are
extracted from the measured data, mainly magnitude and
duration.
Since database has a lot of information and recorded data,
analyser extracts only the relevant disturbances.
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Contd..
Analyser groups the captured events in a number of classes.
These classes are made by comparing the captured waveforms
with the ideal waveforms.
This classification is called disturbance classification.
By comparing the captured events with libraries of power
quality variation characteristics and correlating with system
events, causes of variations can be determined.
Every electrical disturbance has an associated waveform
which describes its characteristics, which provides important
clues to locate the source of electrical problem.
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METHODOLOGY OF DATA ANALYSIS
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BENEFITS OF POWER QUALITY
MONITORING
Ensures power system reliability.
Identify the source and frequency of events.
Helps in the preventive and predictive maintenance.
Evaluation of incoming electrical supply and distribution to
determine if power quality disturbances are impacting.
Determine the need for mitigation equipments.
Reduction of energy expenses and risk avoidances.
Process improvements-monitoring systems allows to identify
the most sensitive equipments and install power conditioning
systems wherever necessary.
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CONCLUSION
Electric power quality,which is a current interest to several
power utilities all over the world,is often severely affected by
various power quality disturbances like harmonics and
transient disturbances.Deterioration of power quality has
always been a leading cause of economic losses and damage
of sensitive equipments.
Various types of power quality disturbances are
analysed.Automatic Power Quality Disturbance Classifiers are
discussed in detail,along with different classification
approaches,with a case study. Power Quality Monitoring
systems and techniques are presented,emphasizing the real
time monitoring systems.Data analysis and benefits of
Power Quality Monitoring are also presented.
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REFERENCES
ALEXANDER KUSKO and MARC.C.THOMPSON.(2007).Power Quality in
Electrical Systems.New York:Mc Graw-Hill.
D.SAXENA,K.S.VERMA and S.N.SINGH.(2010).Power Quality Event
Classification:an Overview and Key Issues.International Journal of
Engineering,Science and Technology.2(3),pp.186-199.
NEHA KAUSHIK.(2013).Power Quality,its Problem and Power Quality
Monitoring.International Journal of Electrical Engineering and
Technology.4(1),pp.46-57.
ROGER.C.DUGAN and MARK.F.McGRANGHAN.(2012).Electrical Power
Systems Quality.2nd ed.McGraw-Hill.
YUAN LIAO and JONG-BEOM LEE.(2004).A Fuzzy Expert System for
Clasifying Power Quality Disturbances.Electrical Power and Energy
Systems.26,pp.199-205.
http://www.slideshare.net.
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