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Crust
Earth Systems
Although we study four branches of earth
science, there are many interactions between
earths systems. You are standing on the
______sphere. You are breathing in part of the
______sphere. If you went to the beach or
canoed down the James you where visiting the
______sphere. And you and all the other living
things on earth make up the _____sphere.
Geological Forces That Change The Earths
Crust
INTRODUCTION
third planet closest to the sun
diameter of 12.753 km
mass of 5.98 septillion kg
365.26 days and rotates in 23 hrs, 56 minutes and
4 seconds.
slight bulge is caused by rapid rotation of the earth
on its axis making it spherical in shaped
highest density than any planet
Terrestrial planet bec.made up of rocks
and metallic minerals (Lithosphere)
Atmosphere 21% free oxygen , 78%
nitrogen, and traces of carbon dioxide
and other gases.
Hydrosphere 75% of water.
only planet that support life
CAUSES OF EARTH MOVEMENT
Forces that cause crustal movement in the following
theories:
1. CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
proposed by Wegener in 1915.
200 million years ago, large continent was formed
when the earths crust cooled. PANGAEA.
continent granite which is composed mostly of
silicon and aluminum.
lighter granitic rocks than the underlying
materials, w/c is made of basaltic rock composed
mostly of silicon and magnesium.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
Earths continent were once joined together
and later split ,drifted apart.
has been replaced by more complete plate
tectonics theory.
continents broke up and various sections
drifted apart
Atlantic Ocean Africa and South America
broke apart.
The Africa South American Coastline
appear to fit together like adjacent pieces of a jigsaw
puzzle. Alfred Wegener, a German Scientist called
PANGEA a Greek term all lands.
2. SEA FLOOR SPREADING
remains of the continents that parted.
middle of the ridge, running along its length, is a
break or rift from w/c magma flows out to the
surface.
magma hardens into a lava and form a new
ocean floor.
drifting apart of Saudi Arabia from Africa caused the
formation of the RED SEA.
The hypothesis that segments of oceanic crust are
separating at the mid-oceanic ridge and a proposed
gen.model for the origin of the oceanic crust and
used as the basis for the development of much
broader theory about the plate tectonics.
Mid-Oceanic Ridge System underseas
mountain chain that forms at the boundary
between divergent tectonic plates
Mid-Atlantic plates submarine mountain
chain that lies in the between North America
& South America to the west & Europe and
Africa to the east.
3. PLATE TECTONICS
lithosphere is divided into large plates.
plates contain the crust and the deeper rock of the
lithosphere of the mantle.
plates are slowly but continually in motion. The
movement is believed to cause the convection
current in the mantle. The movement of the plates
is called TECTONICS. As movement of the plates
goes on, interaction occurs along the plate
boundaries.
Convection upward and downward flow of fluid
material in response to heating and cooling.
slowly occurs in the mantle, more quickly in the
oceans and atmosphere
Lithosphere is segmented into several plates
that move about relative to one another by
floating on and gliding over the plastic
aesthenosphere.
a shell of hard,strong rock about 100
kilometers thick that floats on the hot, plastics
aesthenosphere.
broken into seven large and several smaller
segments called tectonic plateslithosphere
plates.
PATE BOUNDARY the region where two plates
meet, a fracture /boundary that separates two
tectonic plates.
THERE ARE THREE PLATE BOUNDARIES IDENTIFIED:
1. Divergent or Spreading Plate Boundary an area
Where plates move apart and leaves a gap
between them. The gap is immediately filed up
with molten materials.
New lithosphere is continuously forming also
called a spreading center/rift zone
Three types of plate boundary
Divergent
Convergent
Transform
Divergent Boundaries
Spreading ridges
As plates move apart new material is erupted to fill the gap
, a divergent boundary is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away
from each other. These areas can form in the middle of continents or on the ocean floor.
As the plates pull apart, hot molten material can rise up this newly formed pathway to the surface -
causing volcanic activity.
Presenter: Reiterate the process by going through the diagram, including the presence of mantle
convection cells causing the plates to break apart and also as a source for new molten material.
Where a divergent boundary forms on a continent it is called a RIFT or CONTINENTAL RIFT, e.g.
African Rift Valley.
Where a divergent boundary forms under the ocean it is called an OCEAN RIDGE.
2. Convergent or Colliding Boundary form where two
plates bump or collide into each other.
One plate might undergoes subduction, it goes down
beneath the other lighter plate/two plates of
diff.densities converge & the denser one sinks into the
mantle beneath the other.
a plate boundary where two plates move toward
each other or collide head-on.
Subduction zonea long narrow region at the
convergent boundary where plate is sinking into the
mantle during subduction. Known as subduction
boundary.
Convergent Boundaries
There are three styles of convergent plate boundaries
Continent-continent collision
Continent-oceanic crust collision
Ocean-ocean collision
Convergent Boundaries
There are three styles of convergent plate
boundaries
Continent-continent collision
Continent-oceanic crust collision
Ocean-ocean collision
Continent-Continent Collision
Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision
Called SUBDUCTION process by w/c two lithosphere
plates of diff.densities converge and denser one sinks into the
mantle beneath the other
Subduction
Mantle
The Earth is made
up of 3 main Outer core
layers: Inner core
Core
Mantle
Crust
Crust
The Crust
This is where we live!
COMPRESSION
The stress force called compression squeezes
rock until it folds or breaks.
- Forces in Earths Crust
TENSION
The stress force called tension pulls on the crust,
stretching rock so that it becomes thinner in the
middle.
- Forces in Earths Crust
SHEARING
Stress that pushes a mass of rock in two
opposite directions is called shearing.
Comparing Types of Stress
Type of Stress Direction of Effect on crust
movement
TENSION PULLS CRUST STRETCHES
APART ROCK-BECOMES
THINNER
COMPRESSION PUSHES CRUST SQUEEZE &
TOGETHER COMPACTS ROCK
SHEARING PUSHES IN ROCK BREAKS,
OPPOSITE TWISTS, OR
DIRECTIONS CHANGES SHAPE
Types of Earth movement
1. Uplift movement of the earth wherein the crust rises
2. Subsidence a sinking or setting of a part of the
earths crust with respect to the surrounding parts
3. Thrust- ->horizontal movement of the earths crust
Effects of these forces on the Crust:
1. Folding occurs when the crust crumples or wrinkles
due to compression or pushes from opposite
directions.
When the crust crumples it can be compared to a wave
on the ocean. The crest, the up fold or the anticline
would be the hills or mountains. The through, the
down fold or the syncline will be the valleys. Ex: Sierra
Madre and the Cordilleras are folded mountains
EFECTS OF THESE FORCES ON THE CRUST
1. FOLDING occurs when the crust crumples or
wrinkles due to compression or pushes from
opposite directions, When the crust crumples.
Types of faults: