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Fundamentals
CCNA R&S Bootcamp
Agenda
Internetworking Basics
Network Devices Components
The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models
Planning and Cabling Networks
Network History
Just a few years ago, people communicated mostly on a local
level because communicating with people far away was
complicated and expensive.
People talked in person or used the telephone for most voice
communication, the postal service delivered most of the
written messages, and the television broadcast one-way video
communication.
Each of these methods is still working, but all three of them
are converging into web-based communication technologies.
Early data networks were limited to exchanging character-
based information between connected computer systems.
Current networks have evolved to carry voice, video streams,
text, and graphics between many different types of devices.
Todays Popular Communication Tools
Instant messaging (IM): real-time text communication
between two or more users and it has expanded to
include voice, photo and video sharing, and file transfers
Blogs: also known as weblogs, are web pages where
people can publish their personal opinions and thoughts
about any conceivable topic
Podcasting: an audio-based medium that originally
enabled people to record audio and convert it for use with
iPodssmall, portable devices for audio playback
manufactured by Apple
Wiki: another example of publicly created web content.
Individuals create blogs, but wiki web pages are created
and edited by groups of people sharing information
Etc
Elements of a Network
Rules or agreements: Rules or agreements (protocols)
govern how the messages are sent, directed, received,
and interpreted
Messages: The messages or units of information travel
from one device to another
Medium: A medium is a means of interconnecting these
devices, that is, a medium can transport the messages
from one device to another
Devices: Devices on the network exchange messages
with each other
Network Devices & Components
Four major components
Endpoint
PCs, Servers, Printers, Smart Phones, etc.
Interconnections
NIC card, Media, Connectors.
Switches
Connects end points to the Local Area Network (LAN).
Routers
Connect multiple LANs to form Internetworks.
Chooses best path between LAN and Wide Area Network
(WAN)
Type of Network Media
Copper
Example: Twisted-pair cable usually used as LAN media
Encoding: Electrical pulses
Fiber-optic cable
Example: Glass or plastic fibers in a vinyl coating usually
used for long runs in a LAN and as a trunk
Encoding: Light pulses
Wireless
Example: Connects local users through the air
Encoding: Electromagnetic waves
Type of Switches
Three level of heirarchy
Access Switch
Distribution/Aggregation Switch
Core Switch
You can find series of the switch from this site:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/index.html
Types of Routers
Three main categories
Branch: Lower end for SOHO or remote office connections
WAN/Enterprise Edge: Mid to High end for main office
connections
Service Provider: High end for large scale Internet routing
You can find series of the router from this site:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/routers/index.html
Interpreting Network Diagrams
Two types of network diagrams
Physical diagrams
Show how devices are physically connected together
Typically includes physical port assignment
Logical diagrams
Show high level view of how data moves through the network
Useful for troubleshooting layer 3 or above issues
Typically includes:
Ethernet VLAN information
Layer 2 WAN addressing
Layer 3 IP Addressing
Routing protocol information
Logical Network Diagram Icons
Different Types of Topologies
The physical topology: what the network looks like and
how all the cables and devices are connected to each
other.
Bus topology
Ring topology
Star topology
full-mesh topology
The logical topology: The path our data signals take
through the physical topology
Converged Networks
Design Choices in Ethernet LAN & WAN
Terminology of LAN
Collision Domains: referred to an Ethernet concept of all
ports whose transmitted frames would cause a collision
with frames sent by other devices in the collision domain
Hubs create one collision domain
Bridges or Switch break up collision domains
Routers break up collision domains and use logical addressing
to filter the network
Broadcast Domains: An Ethernet broadcast domain is the
set of devices to which that broadcast is delivered
Hubs create one broadcast domain
Bridge or Switch create one large broadcast domain
Routers break up broadcast domains and use logical
addressing to filter the network
Design Choices in Ethernet LAN & WAN
Examples 1#
Design Choices in Ethernet LAN & WAN
Examples 2#
Design Choices in Ethernet LAN & WAN
Quiz: In the following exhibit, identify the number of collision
domains and broadcast domains in each specified device
LANs, WANs, and Internetworks
Scalable Network Architecture
A scalable network is
able to grow without
undergoing
fundamental change at
its core and the
Internet is an example
of scalable design
The Internet has
grown exponentially in
the past decade or so,
and the core design is
unchanged
The Internet is a
collection of many
private and public
networks
interconnected by
routers
Protocol and Reference Models
A protocol model provides a model that closely
matches the structure of a particular protocol suite
The TCP/IP model is a protocol model because it
describes the functions that occur at each layer of
protocols within the TCP/IP suite
A reference model provides a common reference for
maintaining consistency within all types of network
protocols and services
The primary purpose of a reference model is to aid in
clearer understanding of the functions and process
involved
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is the
most widely known internetwork reference model
OSI and TCP/IP Models
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Communication Process
A complete communication process includes these steps:
Creation of data at the application layer of the originating
source end device
Segmentation and encapsulation of data as it passes down the
protocol stack in the source end device
Generation of the data onto the media at the network access
layer of the stack
Transportation of the data through the internetwork, which
consists of media and any intermediary devices
Reception of the data at the network access layer of the
destination end device
Decapsulation and reassembly of the data as it passes up the
stack in the destination device
Passing this data to the destination application at the
application layer of the destination end device
TCP/IP Encapsulation
OSI Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, known
as the OSI model, provides an abstract description of the
network communication process
Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) to provide a road map for
nonproprietary protocol development, the OSI model did
not evolve as readily as the TCP/IP model
The OSI model is just a reference model, so
manufacturers have been free to create protocols and
products that combine functions of one or more layers
As designed, the communication process begins at the
application layer of the source, and data is passed down
to each lower layer to be encapsulated with supporting
data until it reaches the physical layer and is put out on
the media
OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits
The following list summarizes the benefits of layered
protocol specifications:
Less complex
Standard interfaces
Easier to learn
Easier to develop
Multivendor interoperability
Modular engineering
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP
OSI Reference Model Layer Definitions
Application: Performs services for the applications used by the end
users.
Presentation: Provides data format information to the application.
For example, the presentation layer tells the application layer
whether there is encryption or whether it is a .jpg picture.
Session: Manages sessions between users. For example, the
session layer will synchronize multiple web sessions and voice and
video data in web conferences.
Transport: Defines data segments and numbers them at the source,
transfers the data, and reassembles the data at the destination.
Network: Creates and addresses packets for end-to-end delivery
through Creates and addresses packets for end-to-end delivery
through
Data Link: Creates and addresses frames for host-to-host delivery
on the local LANs and between WAN devices.
Physical: Transmits binary data over media between devices.
Physical layer protocols define media specifications.
OSI Reference ModelExample
Devices and Protocols
OSI Encapsulation Terminology
Like TCP/IP, each OSI layer asks for services from
the next lower layer
To provide the services, each layer makes use of a
header and possibly a trailer
OSI uses a more generic term: protocol data unit
(PDU)
A PDU represents the bits that include the headers and
trailers for that layer, as well as the encapsulated data
OSI Encapsulation Process
Application Layer Protocols
The most widely known TCP/IP application layer
protocols are:
Domain Name System (DNS): Used to resolve Internet
names to IP addresses
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Used to transfer
files that make up the web pages of the World Wide Web
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Used for the
transfer of mail messages and attachments
Telnet: a terminal emulation protocol, is used to provide
remote access to servers and networking devices
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Used for interactive file
transfer between systems
Application Layer Protocols Port
TCP and UDP port numbers normally associated
with these services. Some of these services are:
Domain Name System (DNS): TCP/UDP port 53
HTTP: TCP port 80
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): TCP port 25
Post Office Protocol (POP): UDP port 110
Telnet: TCP port 23
DHCP: UDP port 67
FTP: TCP ports 20 and 21
User Applications, Services, and
Application Layer Protocols
Application Layer Protocol Functions
Client/Server Model
Application Layer Protocol Functions
Finding the Web Server Using DNS
Application Layer Protocol Functions
Transferring Files with HTTP
Application Layer Protocol Functions
Multiple Clients Service Requests
OSI Transport Layer
Provides transparent transfer of data between end
users
Providing reliable data transfer services to the upper
layers
Controls the reliability of a given link through flow
control, segmentation/desegmentation, and error
control
The two most common transport layer protocols of
the TCP/IP protocol suite are:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Purpose of the Transport Layer
The following are the primary responsibilities of the
transport layer:
Tracking the individual communications between
applications on the source and destination hosts
Segmenting data and managing each piece
Reassembling the segments into streams of application
data
Identifying the different applications
Performing flow control between end users
Enabling error recovery
Initiating a session
Transport Layer Protocols
Transport Layer Protocols
Key Features of TCP and UDP
TCP UDP
Sequenced Unsequenced
Reliable Unreliable
Connection-oriented Connectionless
Virtual circuit Low overhead
Acknowledgments No acknowledgment
Windowing flow control No windowing or flow control
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP, as defined in RFC 793
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
TCP provides error recovery, but to do so, it consumes more
bandwidth and uses more processing cycles
Additional functions specified by TCP are same-order delivery,
reliable delivery, and flow control
Before a transmitting host starts to send segments down the
model, the senders TCP stack contacts the destinations TCP
stack to establish a connection. What is created is known as a
virtual circuit
The following applications use TCP:
Web browsers
E-mail
File transfers
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
TCP Header Fields