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Highways
Note:
1. Safe SSD on upgrades is shorter than on downgrades
2. Min. SD should be adjusted where steep grades and
high speed occur in combination
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, CIVIL 5
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
g = acceleration of gravity
a = acceleration of
vehicle
u = initial velocity when w sin wf cos
w
a
brakes are applied u2
g
a
Db = braking distance 2x
Db x cos
= angle of incline Db ( ft )
u 2 (mph)
30 f G
f = coefficient of friction
G = grade (decimal)
Db wf cos
G
1.0
w
a
g
w
w sin
Distance to stop vehicle
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, CIVIL 7
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Coefficient of friction, f
700
600
Stopping Distance
500
400
Series1
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80
Speed in MPH
600
Stopping Distance in Feet
500
400 2 percent grade
0 percent grade
300
-2 percent grade
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80
Miles per Hour
S = 1.47ut + _____u2_____
30(f G)
where:
Db = braking distance
u = initial velocity when brakes are applied
f = coefficient of friction
G = grade (decimal)
t = time to perceive/react