PENULISAN LATAR BELAKANG

DALAM PENELITIAN
HEMA MALINI
 Tujuan
Umum
Merumuskan penulisan latar belakang pada sebuah
proses penelitian

Khusus
Mengidentifikasi masalah/fenomena
Menjelaskan cara membuat latar belakang masalah
Mencari data penunjang dalam penulisan latar
belakang masalah
 What is Research??

Research is a systematic search for

information, a process of inquiry. It can be
carried out in libraries, schoolrooms, hospitals,
factories, in the pages of the bible, on the street
corners, or in the wild watching a herd of
elephants (Graziano & Raulin, 2004:31)
 What is Research??

Research is an attempt to increase the sum of

what is known, usually referred to as a body of
knowledge by the discovery of new facts or
relationships through a process of systematic
scientific enquiry, the research process (Hockey,
1984)
 What is Nursing Research??

Nursing research is a systematic enquiry that

seeks to add new nursing knowledge to benefit
patients, families and communities. It
encompasses all aspects of health that are of
interest to nursing, including promotion of
health, prevention of illness, care of people of all
ages during illness and recovery or towards
peaceful and dignified death (ICN, 2009)
Priorities of Nursing Research (ICN)
International Council of Nurses has identified 2
broad areas of nursing research
Health and Illness :
Health promotion; prevention of illness; control of
symptoms; living with chronic condition & enhancing
quality of life; caring for clients experiencing changes in
health and illness; assessing & monitoring client problems;
providing and testing nursing intervention; measuring the
outcomes of care
Priorities of Nursing Research (ICN)
Delivery of Care Services:
Quality and cost effectiveness of care; impact of nursing
interventions on clients outcomes; EBP; community and primary
health care; nursing workforce to include quality of nurses work
life, retention & satisfaction with work; impact of health reform
on health policy, programme and evaluation; impact upon equity
and access of nursing care and its effects on nursing; financing of
health care
 Priorities of Nursing Research
(National League for Nursing, 2012)
Nursing education
Education-practice linkages
- Education models focused on delivery team-based patient centered care
- Education-practice partnership designed to relate innovative teaching
models to quality patient care outcomes
- New curriculum models related to inter professional education and
practice
Knowledge acquisition
- Effectiveness of various teaching-learning process to foster development
of clinical reasoning
- Teaching-learning approaches that relate knowledge acquisition and EBP
patient care
 Priorities of Nursing Research
(National League for Nursing, 2012)
Nursing education
Technology in nursing education
- The effectiveness of emerging technologies in the teaching of nursing
decision making skills
- The relationship between simulated learning experience, programme
outcomes and graduate nurse competence

Nursing Informatics ???

 Research Question
Start with a hunch or initial idea
Menemukan masalah atau fenomena atau
gap
Tidak mudah untuk menemukan masalah
tetapi masalah selalu dapat ditemukan.
Ide masalah: praktik klinis, diskusi, topik yang
sedang tren muncul di media, atau dari artikel
penelitianatau dari Call for Proposal
 Sumber Masalah Penelitian
Adanya Gap antara
1. Pengalaman dan kenyataan Perubahan
misal: teknik penulisan Askep (Manual
computerised)
2. Perencanaan dan kenyataan --- rencana
pemerintah untuk Indonesia Sehat 2010??
Tercapai? Jika tidak kenapa?
3. Komplain dan kompetisipemakaian gelang
pengenal yang tidak efektif, dst
 Point of the day

Masalah penelitian biasanya muncul karena

peneliti menemukan sesuatu yang belum sesuai
atau belum bisa dijelaskan dengan baik

Latihan
 Rumusan Research Questions
Rumusan masalah deskriptif
-- Apakah computerised lebih baik?

Rumusan masalah komparatif

-- Adakah perbedaan antara pemberian edukasi
konvensional dengan terstruktur dalam
pemahaman pasien tentang DM?

Rumusan masalah asosiatif (sebab akibat atau timbal balik

-- Adakah hubungan antara motivasi dan prestasi?
Pencarian Data Penunjang
Masalah Penelitian
 Sumber Data
1. Electronic information resources and the
internet
Government documents
Tesis/Skripsi
Jurnal article
Grey Literature pamplet, brosur yang sulit untuk di
lacakterkadang agak meragukan
2. Database
3. Koran/Majalah
 Search Research Questions
PICO model effective for asking health care interventions
Patients/Problem
Intervention/Exposure
Comparison
Outcome
SPICE model useful alternative relate to qualitative
methodologies/social sciences
Setting
Perspective
Intervention
Comparison
Evaluation
 Background and Justification
Memerlukan alasan kuat kenapa riset diperlukan
Literatur yang diambil/disampaikan harus
mendukung mengapa riset ini perlu dilakukan
adanya GAP
Implikasi penelitian terhadap keilmuan,
pelayanan dan pendidikan
Sampaikan data/facts dari berbagai sumber
literature (namun hanya point inti)
 Struktur Latar Belakang
Lihat literatur yang ada
Buat hubungan yang jelas antara berbagai
teori
Buat ringkasan antara metode dan riset/ data
yang ada
Berikan arah yang jelas terkait topik penelitian
Jelaskan teori/hal yg sudah diketahui dengan
jelas
 Struktur latar belakang
Tunjukkan gap yang ada
Berikan alasan kenapa atau apa
keuntungannya
Tekankan nilai nilai topik bagi pelayanan,
pendidikan
Konsekuensi jika riset tidak dilakukan
Argumentasikan mengapa penting
Ringkasan implikasi dari topik penelitian
 Latihan
Identifikasi sebuah topik yang akan anda ambil
Jelaskan Gap
Cari tiga buah jurnal/buku/sumber lain untuk
menjelaskan topik mengapa penting
Identifikasi implikasi dari topik penelitian
Rumuskan 2 lembar untuk menjelaskan latar
belakang (1,5 spasi, TNR 12)
 Free to access
Social Care online:
http://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/
Pubmed: http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
Cochrane Library: http://
thecochranelibrary.com
OpenGrey: http://opengrey.eu/
Google scholar: http://scholar.google.com/
Terima Kasih