KOLEJ MATRIKULASI SELANGOR

KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN MALAYSIA

QS015 CHAPTER 5
2017/2018 SESSION

FUNCTIONS AND
GRAPHS
STUDENTS VERSION
1
 LECTURE 1 OF 7
5.1 FUNCTIONS
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to
a) Define a function
b) Use the vertical line test to determine
whether a graph represent a function.
c) Use algebraic approach or horizontal line
test to determine whether a function is
one-to-one.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 2
 Functions are extremely useful in
describing the relationship between two or
more quantities.
All functions are relations. However not all
relations are functions.
There are four types of relations:
one-to-one relation
many-to-one relation
one-to-many relation
many-to-many relation

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 3
 ONE-TO-ONE RELATION
Each object in set X (the domain) is
mapped to one distinct image in set Y (the
codomain)
X is the square of Y

1 1

4 2

9 3

25 5

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 4
 MANY-TO-ONE RELATION

P is the square root of Q

-2
1
-1
4
1
9
2
16
3

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
5
 ONE-TO-MANY RELATION
w
a
x
b
y
c
z

MANY-TO-MANY RELATION
2

3

5

7

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
6
 Set P is the THE Set Q is the
domain ARROW
DIAGRAM
codomain

1, 4 and
9 are
the
images

-2, -1, 1, 2
and 3 are
the
objects
{1, 4, 9} is the
range
(a set of images)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
7
 FUNCTION

A function is a relation in which each

element in the domain has a unique image
in the codomain/range.

Therefore, relations which is either

one-to-one, or
many-to-one,
is a function.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
8
 Example 1:
Which diagram below illustrates a function?
State your reason.
(a) A B (b) A B

a 9 9
a
b 18 18
b
c 27 27

ONTO: range = codomain

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
9
 (c) A B (d) A B

a 9 a 9

b 18 b 18

c 27 c 27

one-to-one
There is one element in
the domain not mapped to
the element in the
codomain

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
10
 Example 2:

A function is defined as f : x x 2
3,
x , find
(a ) f (3)
( b) f (b)
x
(c) f
x 1

(d) the value of a if f (a) = 19

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 11
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
12
 VERTICAL LINE TEST
A graph represent a function if the vertical
line x = k intersects the graph only at one
point.
y The vertical line
x=k
x = k intersects
the graph at one
point.
x Therefore
----------------------
f (x) ----------------------

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 13
 VERTICAL LINE TEST

The vertical line

x = k intersects
the graph at two
y
x=k points.
Therefore
____________
_____________
x

f (x)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
14
 ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION

A function f is said to be a one-to-one

function if each element in set X
corresponds to a different element in set Y.

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 x2

where x1 , x2 Domain f
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
15
 ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION

There are two methods to test whether a

function is 1-1.

a) Algebraic approach
b) Horizontal line test

if f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
ALGEBRAIC APPROACH:
then x1 x2

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 16
 Example 3:
Show that the following functions are one - to - one functions
by using algebraic approach.
(a) f ( x) 3 x 2, x R (b) f ( x) x3 7, x R
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Let x1 , x2 D f
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
3 x1 2 3x2 2
3x1 3x2
x1 x2
Hence f ( x) is one - to - one
function
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 17
 HORIZONTAL LINE TEST (GRAPHICAL
APPROACH):
If the horizontal line y = k intersects the
graph only at one point, then the function is
one-to-one. The horizontal
line intersects
y The horizontal y the graph at
line intersects one point
the graph at
two points
y=k
y=k
x x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 18
 Example 4(a):
Show that the following functions are one - to - one functions
by using graphical approach.
(a) f ( x) 3x 2, x R
y The horizontal
line intersects
f ( x) 3x 2 the graph
f ( x) 3x 2
yk
at one point
x only

Hence f(x) is a
__________

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 19
 Example 4(b):
(b) f ( x) x3 7, x R

The horizontal
y f ( x) x 3 7
line intersects
the graph
yk
f ( x) x 3 7
____________
x
Hence,
__________
____________

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 20
 Example 5:

Determine whether the following functions

are one-to-one function:

(a ) f ( x) x 3 ,
2
xR
( b) g ( x) x 3 , x [2,4]
2

( c) h( x ) x , xR

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 21
 (a) f ( x) x 2 3 , x R ALGEBRAIC /
ANALYTICAL
APPROACH
SOLUTION:

RECALL: For 1-1 function

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 x2

where x1 , x2 Domain f

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 22
 (a) f ( x) x 2 3 , x R GRAPHICAL
APPROACH /
HORIZONTAL
LINE TEST
SOLUTION:

y
f ( x) x 2 3

The horizontal line y = k touches the graph

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 23
 (b) g ( x ) x 2
3 , x [2,4] ALGEBRAIC /
ANALYTICAL
APPROACH
SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 24
 (b) g ( x ) x 2
3 , x [2,4] GRAPHICAL
APPROACH /
HORIZONTAL
LINE TEST
SOLUTION:

y
g ( x) x 2 3

2 4
x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 25
 (c) h( x) x , xR ALGEBRAIC /
ANALYTICAL
APPROACH
SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 26
 h( x) x , xR
GRAPHICAL
(c) APPROACH /
HORIZONTAL
LINE TEST
SOLUTION:

y RECALL:
h( x) x
x ,x 0
x
x , x 0

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 27
 CONCLUSION
Function is either one-to-one or many-to-
one relation.
Vertical line test Horizontal line test
Use horizontal line test:
Use vertical line test:
One-to-one function or
Function or not?
not?

A function is one-to-one and onto if the

range = codomain.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 28
 CONCLUSION
Method to test 1-1 function:
Algebraic approach.
if f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
then x1 x2

Horizontal line test ( graphical approach)

If the horizontal line intersects the graph of the
function only once, then the function is one-to-one.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 29
 EXERCISE 1
1) The domain of a function h, where h : x 2 x is +
(a) Find the images of 0,2,1 and 6.
(b) Find the element in the domain wit h image 16.
(c) Find the range of the function h.

2) Determine whether each equation defines y as a

function of x for x + . If so, determine whether
the function is one - to - one
(a) y x 2
(b) y x 2 3x 2
(c) y2 x 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 30
 ANSWER 1 Please refer Tutorial Book :
Q1,9,10,13a
1)
1
(a) 1 , 4 , , 64
2
(b) 4
(c) +

2)
(a) Function, one - to - one
(b) Function, not one - to - one
(c) Not a function.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 31
 LECTURE 2 OF 7
5.1 FUNCTIONS
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to
d) Sketch the graph of a function.
e) State the domain and range of a function.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 32
 DOMAIN AND RANGE
Previously (Lecture 1/7), we have looked
how to determine the domain and range
from the arrow diagram.
Domain is a set of
numbers that the
function is operating
on.

The Range is the set

of numbers that is
mapped onto from
the domain.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 33
 Example 1:
X yx 2
Y
-2
1
-1
4
1
9
2
16
3

Domain: X =
Range:
Codomain: Y =
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 34
 Domain and range of a function f(x) can be
determined by using
i. Graphical approach
ii. Algebraic approach

By referring to the Example 3:

The elements in the first set (set X) is called

the domain.
The corresponding elements in the second
set (set Y) is called the range.
The set of all elements in Y is called
codomain.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 35
 GRAPHS SKETCHING
We will learn to sketch these graphs of function
(you shall memorise the basic shape of these
graphs!)

Constant function
Polynomials functions
linear (degree one)
quadratic (degree two)
cubic (degree three)
Reciprocal function
Absolute values (of linear) function
Square root function (with linear expression)
Piecewise function
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 36
 CONSTANT FUNCTION
yk

y
k yk
k is a constant
x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 37
 f ( x) k ,k is a constant

GRAPHICAL APPROACH

y ALGEBRAIC APPROACH

k yk f(x) is defined for all values

of x

x D f ,

D f ,
f(x) only takes the value k.

R f k R f k

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 38
 LINEAR FUNCTION
f ( x) ax b ,a 0

y y f ( x) ax b

b f ( x) ax b b
x x

a0 a0

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 39
 f ( x) ax b , a 0
GRAPHICAL APPROACH

D f ,
R f ,
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 40
 f ( x) ax b , a 0
ALGEBRAIC APPROACH

f(x) is defined for all values of x

D f ,

ax b f ( x)
f ( x) b
x
a
x is defined for all values of f(x)

R f ,

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 41
 QUADRATIC FUNCTION
f ( x) ax bx c
2
,a 0
a0 a0
y y

k
c
x h x
h
c
k

f ( x) ax bx c a( x h) k
2 2

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 42
f ( x) ax bx c , a 0
2

GRAPHICAL APPROACH

D f , D f ,
R f , k R f k ,
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 43
f ( x) ax bx c , a 0
2

ALGEBRAIC APPROACH

f(x) is defined for all values of x

D f ,

Transform f(x) into completing the square form

f ( x) a( x h)2 k
If a > 0, f(x) has a minimum value of k.
R f k ,

If a < 0, f(x) has a maximum value of k.

R f , k

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 44
 CUBIC FUNCTION
f ( x) ax bx cx d
3 2
,a 0
a0 a0
y y

d
x x
d

Cubic graph can have at most three real and distinct

roots
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 45
f ( x) ax 3 bx 2 cx d , a 0

GRAPHICAL APPROACH

D f ,
R f ,
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 46
f ( x) ax 3 bx 2 cx d , a 0

ALGEBRAIC APPROACH

f(x) is defined for all values of x.

D f ,

f(x) takes all values of real numbers.

R f ,

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 47
 Example 2:

Sketch the graph of

(a) f ( x) 3
(b) f ( x) 4 x
(c) f ( x) 2 x 3x 1
2 REFRESH YOUR
KNOWLEDGE:

(d) f ( x) x x x 1
3 2
Mathematics Form
5 Chapter 2
Find the respective domain Additional
Mathematics Form
and range too. 4 Chapter 3

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 48
 SOLUTION:

(a) f ( x) 3 (b) f ( x) 4 x
f (x) f (x)

x x

Df Df
Rf Rf
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 49
 SOLUTION:
f ( x) 2 x 2 3 x 1
1
(c) f ( x) 2 x 2 3x 1 3
f ( x) 2 x 2 x
2 2
f (x) 3 3 1
2 2

2 x
4 4 2
2
3 17
f ( x) 2 x
4 8

x 2
3 17
2 x 0
4 8
2
3 17
x
4 16
Df
3 17
Rf x
4 16
x 0.281,1.781

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 50
 SOLUTION: ALTERNATIVE METHOD
(using Algebraic approach)
(c) f ( x) 2 x 2 3x 1
f(x) is defined for all values of x.

D f {x : x }
y 2 x 2 3x 1 3 y 17
x

2
3 17 4 2 16
y 2 x
4 8 y 17
0
2 2 16
3 17
2 x y 17
4 8 y
8
17
Rf y : y
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
8 51
 SOLUTION:

(d) f ( x) x x x 1
3 2
f ( x) x 3 x 2 x 1
( x 1)( x 2 2 x 1)
f ( x) ( x 1)( x 1) 2
f (x)
Note:
You will learn more about
factorisation of cubic function
in Chapter 6 (Polynomials)
x

Df
Rf

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 52
 RECIPROCAL/RATIONAL FUNCTION
k b
f ( x) , x , k constant
ax b a
y a0 y a0

b x b x
a a

b
Asymptote : x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 a 53
 k b
f ( x) , x , k constant
ax b a
GRAPHICAL APPROACH

b b
D f , ,
a a
R f ,0 0,
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 54
 k b
f ( x) , x , k constant
ax b a
ALGEBRAIC APPROACH

b
f(x) is defined for all values of x except x
a
b b
D f , ,
a a

k x is defined for all values of f(x)

ax b except f(x) = 0
f ( x)
1 k
x

b R f ,0 0,
a f ( x)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 55
 ABSOLUTE VALUES FUNCTION

f ( x) x x , x0
x
x , x 0
y

y x yx

x
0

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 56
f ( x) ax b ; a, b are constants

GRAPHICAL APPROACH

y
b
ax b , x
a
ax b
b
(ax b) , x
x a
0 b
a
D f ,
R f 0,

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 57
f ( x) ax b ; a, b are constants

ALGEBRAIC APPROACH

f(x) is defined for all values of x.

D f ,
f(x) takes all values greater than 0, i.e f ( x) 0
R f 0,

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 58
 SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION
f ( x) x a f ( x) x a

y y

x a
a x

The graph exist only for xa 0

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 59
 GRAPHICAL APPROACH

D f a,
R f 0,

D f a,
R f ,0
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 60
 GRAPHICAL APPROACH

D f , a
R f 0,

D f , a
R f ,0
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 61
 ALGEBRAIC APPROACH

f ( x) x a f ( x) a x
f ( x) is defined if x a 0 f ( x) is defined if a x 0
D f a, D f , a
xa 0 ax 0
R f 0, R f 0,

xa 0 ax 0
R f , 0 R f , 0

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 62
 PIECEWISE FUNCTION
x 1 , 1 x 0
2
f ( x) x , 0 x 1
PIECEWISE 2 , 1 x 2
FUNCTION:
A function that has y
been defined
differently for
2
different intervals in
a given domain.
1

x
-1 0 1 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 63
 x 1 , 1 x 0
2
f ( x) x 1 , 0 x 1
2 , 1 x 2

y
2

1
Df
x Rf
-1 0 1 2

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 64
 1 , x0
2
f ( x) x , 0 x 1
x 1 , x 1

y

1 D f (, )
x Rf
-1 0 1

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 65
 Example 3:
Find the domain and range of the following functions.
4
(a) f ( x)
2x 5
(b) f ( x) x 3
(c) f ( x) 3 x 3
x2 , 0 x 2

(d) f ( x) x 2 , 2 x 6
8 , x6

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 66
 4
SOLUTION: (a) f ( x)
2x 5
GRAPHICAL APPROACH ALGEBRAIC APPROACH
f (x) 5
f ( x) is undefined at x
2
Df

Df
Rf
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 67
 SOLUTION: (b) f ( x) x 3

GRAPHICAL APPROACH ALGEBRAIC APPROACH

f (x) f(x) is defined for all values of x.

Df
f(x) takes all values
x greater than 0, i.e

R
f
Df
Rf

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 68
 SOLUTION: (c) f ( x) 3 x 3

GRAPHICAL APPROACH ALGEBRAIC APPROACH

f (x) f ( x) is defined if x 3 0
Df

Df
Rf
3
Rf
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 69
 SOLUTION:

x2 , 0 x 2

(d) f ( x) x 2 , 2 x 6
y 8 , x6

Df
Rf
x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 70
 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
ADDITION OF FUNCTIONS
f ( x) x 3 4 x and g ( x) x 3

(i) f ( x) g ( x) x 3 4 x ( x 3)

(ii) g ( x) f ( x) x 3 ( x 3 4 x)

f ( x) g ( x) g ( x) f ( x)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 71
 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
SUBTRACTION OF FUNCTIONS
f ( x) x 3 4 x and g ( x) x 3

(i) f ( x) g ( x) x 3 4 x ( x 3)

(ii) g ( x) f ( x) x 3 ( x 3 4 x)

f ( x ) g ( x) g ( x) f ( x)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 72
 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
MULTIPLICATION OF FUNCTIONS
f ( x) x 3 4 x and g ( x) x 3

(i) f ( x) g ( x) ( x 3 4 x)( x 3)

(ii) g ( x) f ( x) ( x 3)( x 3 4 x)

f ( x) g ( x) g ( x) f ( x)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 73
 Example 4:
Given the two functions
f ( x) x , x
2

g ( x) 4 x , x ,
4 4
Find
(i) ( f g )( x) and f ( x) g ( x),
(ii) the domain respective ly.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 74
 SOLUTION:

( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x) x 2 4 x
D f (, )
Domain
Dg , intersection
4 4

4 4
D f g
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 75
 SOLUTION:

f ( x) g ( x) x 2 ( 4 x) x 2 4 x3
D f (, )
Domain
Dg , intersection
4 4

4 4
D f g
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 76
 CONCLUSION

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 77
 CONCLUSION

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 78
 CONCLUSION

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 79
 CONCLUSION

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 80
 EXERCISE 2
Sketch the graph :
a ) f x 1 x
x 2 , x 0
b) f x
x 5, x 0
c) f x x 2 x
2

d) f x x x 22

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 81
 Please refer Tutorial Book :
ANSWER 2 Q1,9,10,13a

a) c)

b) d)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 82
 LECTURE 3 OF 7
5.2 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to
a) Represent a composite function by an
arrow diagram.
b) Find composite function.
c) Find one of the functions when the
composite and the other functions are
given.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 83
 Suppose that the functions f and g are defined for the set of
real numbers , with

g ( x) y
f ( y) z

This means that we can create a new function which maps

x directly to z.

This function is called a composite function and is written

as
f g , where f g ( x) f [ g ( x)]

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 84
 Composite function for f and g can be represented as
follows:

g f
x y z Composite
function that
maps from x
f g ( x) f [ g ( x)] to z

It is clear that y is the image of x under function g; and z is

the image of y under function f.

Hence we can say that g is the object of the function f for

f g

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 85
 Example 1:

If f ( x) x and g ( x) x 1, find
2

(a) f g ( x)
(b) g f ( x)
(c) f f ( x)
(d) g g ( x)
(e) Compare fg ( x) and f ( x) g ( x).

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 86
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 87
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 88
 Example 2:

Given that f ( x) 7 x and g ( x) x 2

2

Find
(a) f g
(b) g f
(c) Is f g g f in this case ?
State your conclusion .

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 89
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 90
 Example 3:

Given that f ( x) ( x 3) 2 1 and g ( x) 4 x 7. Evaluate

(a) g f (1). Verify tha t g f (1) f g (1).
(b) f 2 (4)
(c) [ f (4)]2
(d) Compare your answer in (b) and (c) and comment.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 91
 SOLUTION:

f ( x) ( x 3)2 1 and g ( x) 4 x 7

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 92
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 93
 Example 4:

2
Given that f ( x) , g ( x) 2 x 4 and h( x) 2 x 2
x
Find
(a) f g h
(b) g f h
(c) h g h

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 94
 SOLUTION:
2
f ( x) , g ( x) 2 x 4 and h( x) 2 x 2
x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 95
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 96
 Example 5:

3
Given that f ( x) 2 x ; g ( x) , x 1 and h( x) 2 x 1.
x 1
(a) Show that f 2 ( x) x
2
(b) Find an expression for g ( x )
and state for which two values of x it is undefined.
(c) Solve the equation h3 ( x) x.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 97
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 98
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 99
 Example 6:
Given that f : x 2 x 1, find the function g if f g : x 6 x 11.
SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 100
 Example 7:
1
Given that f : x 2 x 1, find the function g if g f : x , x 1.
x 1
SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 101
 Example 8:
1
Given that f : x 2 x 1, find the function g if g f : x 6, x 0.
x
Hence evaluate g 2 (1).

SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 102
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 103
 CONCLUSION

f g f [ g ( x)]
f 2 ( x) f f f [ f ( x)]
In general; f g g f
f g f ( x) g ( x)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 104
 EXERCISE 3
1) If f : and g : are defined by
f ( x) 2 x 3 and g ( x) x 2 5
find
(a) g f (2) (d) g f ( x)
(b) f g (3) (e) f g ( x 1)
(c) f g (a 1) (f) g g ( x)

2) If f : and g : are defined by

f ( x) x 2 3 x 1 and g ( x) 2 x 3
find
(a) f g (b) g f
(c) g2 (e) f2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 105
 ANSWER 3 Please refer Tutorial Book :
Q1,9,10,13a

1)
(a) 6 (d) 4 x 2 12 x 14
(b) 25 (e) 2 x 2 4 x 9
(c) 2a 2 4a 9 (f) x 4 10 x 2 30

2)
(a) 4 x 2 6 x 1 (b) 2 x 2 6 x 1
(c) 4 x 9 (e) x 4 6 x 3 14 x 2 15 x 5

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 106
 LECTURE 4 OF 7
5.3 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to
a) Determine the inverse of a function.
b) Determine whether a function has an
inverse and find the inverse of a function.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 107
Let f and g be two functions :
1
f ( x) 2 x 1 g ( x) ( x 1)
2
Object of f Object of g

Then g f g[ f ( x)] Similarly, f g f [ g ( x)]

1
g (2 x 1) f ( x 1)
2
1 1
[( 2 x 1) 1] 2 ( x 1) 1
2 2
Object of f or
x g x

In this case g f f g x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 108
 What is the significan ce of getting g f f g x ?

We can say that g is the inverse function of f .

Then g can be written as f 1

x y
1
f

f maps x to y
f 1 maps y to x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 109
 Inverse function exists for one-to-one and
onto function only.

It is important to note that

1 1
ff f f x
To test whether a given function has an
inverse or not, we can use
Horizontal line test (graphical approach)
Algebraic approach (analytical approach)
Because inverse function exists for one-to-one
function only.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 110
 Example 1:

Determine whether each of the following

functions has an inverse or not.

(a ) f ( x) x 3 ,
2
xR
( b) g ( x) x 3 , x [2,4]
2

( c) h( x ) x , xR

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 111
 (a) f ( x) x 2 3 , x R ALGEBRAIC /
ANALYTICAL
APPROACH
SOLUTION:

RECALL: For 1-1 function

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 x2

where x1 , x2 Domain f

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 112
 (a) f ( x) x 2 3 , x R GRAPHICAL
APPROACH /
HORIZONTAL
LINE TEST
SOLUTION:

y
f ( x) x 3
2

x
The horizontal line y = k touches
the graph at more than 1 point,
so f(x) is not one-to-one function

The inverse does not exist.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 113
 (b) g ( x ) x 2
3 , x [2,4] ALGEBRAIC /
ANALYTICAL
APPROACH
SOLUTION:

Since x [2,4], then x1 x2 and x1 x2

g ( x1 ) g ( x2 ) x1 x2
Hence g ( x) is one - to - one function.

The inverse does exist.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 114
 (b) g ( x ) x 2
3 , x [2,4] GRAPHICAL
APPROACH /
HORIZONTAL
LINE TEST
SOLUTION:

y
g ( x) x 2 3

The horizontal line y = k touches

2 4
x the graph at 1 point,
so g(x) is one-to-one function

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 115
 (c) h( x) x , xR ALGEBRAIC /
ANALYTICAL
APPROACH
SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 116
 h( x) x , xR
GRAPHICAL
(c) APPROACH /
HORIZONTAL
LINE TEST
SOLUTION:

y RECALL:
x ,x 0
x
x , x 0

x
The horizontal line y = k touches
the graph at more than 1 point,

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 117
 METHOD OF FINDING INVERSE
FUNCTION:

There are 2 methods of finding inverse

function:

1. Let y = f1(x), then express y in terms of x.

1
2. Use the property ff x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 118
 NOTE:
For (an) inverse function(s):

1 1
(i) f ( x) Read as:
f ( x) The inverse of an

f
inverse function f is
1 1
(ii) f the function f itself!

1 1
(iii) ff f f x
1 1 1
(iv) ( f g) g f

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 119
 Example 2:
Find the inverse for each of the following
functions:
(i) f : x 3 x 5, x
x2
(ii) h : x ,x 2
x2
(iii) g : x ( x 2)( x 4), x 3
(iv) f : x x 6 , x 1

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 120
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 121
 SOLUTION: (iii) g : x ( x 2)( x 4), x 3
g ( x) x 2 6 x 8
g ( x) ( x 3) 2 (3) 2 8
g ( x) ( x 3) 2 1

Completing the square

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 122
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 123
Example 3:

3 x 2
1
Given that f ( x) x 3 x 4, x and g ( x) 2
2
,x 2
2 2x 1

(i) Show that f 1 ( x) can be expressed as f 1 ( x) x

(ii) Find g 1 ( x)
(iii) Find f g

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 124
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 125
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 126
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 127
 CONCLUSION
To test whether a given function has an
inverse or not, we can use
Horizontal line test (graphical approach)
Algebraic approach (analytical approach)
Inverse function exists for one-to-one and
onto function only.

1 1
ff f f x , x Df
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 128
 CONCLUSION
METHOD OF FINDING INVERSE FUNCTION:

There are 2 methods of finding inverse

function:

1. Let y = f1(x), then express y in terms of x.

1
2. Use the property ff x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 129
 EXERCISE 4
Find inverse for each of the following functions.
x 1
a) f ( x) ,x 1
x 1
b) g ( x ) 4 x 3 ,x
3

c) f ( x) x 3 ,x 3
25 2
d) g ( x) ,x
3x 2 3

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 130
 ANSWER 4 Please refer Tutorial Book :
Q1,9,10,13a

1 1 x
a) f ( x) ,x 1
x 1
1
1 x 3 3
b) g ( x)
4
1
c) f ( x) x 3 , x 0
2

1 25 2 x
d) g ( x)
3x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 131
 LECTURE 5 OF 7
5.3 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to
c) Identify the domain and range of an
inverse function.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 132
 Consider functions f and f 1
f

x y
1
f

D f {x} D f 1 { y}
R f { y} R f 1 {x}
Domain of f is the range of f 1
Range of f is the domain of f 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 133
 Domain of f is the range of f 1
Range of f is the domain of f 1

How this could happen?

It is due to the fact that

Graph of the function f(x) is reflected

about the line y = x to get the graph of
the function f 1(x) on the same axes.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 134
 y y f (x) D f R f 1
yx

R f D f 1
1
y f ( x)
x
yx
y

y f 1 ( x)
Graph of the function f(x)
is reflected about the line y = x
x
to get the graph of
the function f 1(x)
on the same axes. y f (x)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 135
 Example 1:
Find the domain and range of the inverse for
each of the following functions:

(i) f : x 3 x 5, x
x2
(ii) h : x ,x 2
x2
(iii) g : x ( x 2)( x 4), x 3
(iv) f : x x 6, x 1

136
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 137
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 138
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 139
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 140
 Example 2:
Find the domain and range of the inverse for
each of the following functions:

(i) f ( x) x 4, x 1
2

1
(ii) f ( x) 4, x 0
x
Hence sketch the graphs of f and f 1 on the
same axes.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 141
 SOLUTION: (i) f ( x) x 2 4, x 1

y y f (x)
yx
y f 1 ( x)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 142
 1
SOLUTION: (ii) f ( x) 4, x 0
x
y

y f (x)

D f (,0) D f 1 (,4)
R f (,4) R f 1 (,0)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 143
 The inverse of a function is not necessarily also a
function.

The inverse of a given function is also a function if the

given function is a one-to-one function.

The inverse of a many-to-one function can be a

function if we restrict to domain, making the function
become one-to-one function.

f ( x) x 2 4, x INVERSE DOES
NOT EXIST
f ( x) x 2 4, x 1 INVERSE DOES
f ( x) x 2 4, x 0 NOT EXIST

INVERSE
DOES EXIST
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 144
 Example 3:

The function f is defined

f ( x) x x , x k
2

Find the least value of k for which f is one-

to-one.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 145
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 146
 CONCLUSION
If f ( x) y, then f 1 ( y ) x The graph of the
function f 1(x) is the
D f R f 1 reflection of the graph
f(x) on the line y = x.
R f D f 1

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 147
 EXERCISE 5
1) For each of the following functions, find the inverse and their
respective domain and range.
2x 1
a) f ( x) , x 3
x 1
b) g ( x) 2 x 2 2 , x 0

1 2
2) A function f is defined as f ( x) x x 3, x 1.
2
Find the inverse of f and determine the domain and
range of f 1.
Sketch the graphs of f and f 1 on the same axes.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 148
 ANSWER 5
Please refer Tutorial Book : Q11 & 12
1)
3x 1
a) f 1 ( x) ,x 2
2 x
D f 1 ,2 2, , R f 1 ,3 3,

1 x2
b) g ( x) ,x 2
2
Dg 1 2, , Rg 1 0,

2) f 1 ( x) 1 2 x 7 ,
7
D f 1 , , R f 1 1,
2

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 149
 LECTURE 6 & 7 OF 7
5.4 EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
At the end of this topic, students should be able to
a) Determine the relationship of exponential and
logarithmic functions by algebraic and graphical
approaches.
b) Find the domain and range of an exponential and
logarithmic function.
c) Determine the composite functions involving
exponential and logarithmic functions.
d) Sketch the graph involving exponential and logarithmic
functions.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 150
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

An exponential function is defined by

f ( x) a x

where x and a > 0, a 1.

Examples of exponential functions are:

2 x x 1 mx c mx c
x
2 ,3 , 10 , 5 1, a
3x
,e
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 151
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIA L FUNCTION
f ( x) a x , x and a 1.
(a) f ( x) 0
(b) f ( x) 1 when x 0 i.e. f (0) 1
(c) As x , f ( x)
(d) As x , f ( x) 0

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 152
 PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIA L FUNCTION
f ( x) a x , x and 0 a 1.
(a) f ( x) 0
(b) f ( x) 1 when x 0 i.e. f (0) 1
(c) As x , f ( x) 0
(d) As x , f ( x)

0 a 1
Note :
f ( x) a x ,0 a 1 is equivalent to
f ( x) a x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 153
 REFLECTION
y
AXIS
x
ya ya x

x
-1

y a x y a x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 154
An important base of an exponentia l function is an irrational number
symbolised by e.
The number e is called the natural base.

e is a number such that :

m
1
e 1
m
m
1
as m , lim 1 2.71828
m
m

As the value of m gets larger, the value of e

approaches 2.71828
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 155
 m
1
WHY?! lim 1 2.71828
m
m

From here, we
have suggested
the idea of limit,
as the value of m
tends to a very
large value, the
value of e tends
to a certain
value too!

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 156
 An exponential function is defined by
f ( x) a x

where x and a > 0, a 1.

Replacing a with e, we shall get

f ( x) e x

The graph of f ( x) e shares the same

x

properties as f ( x) a .
x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 157
 REFLECTION
y
AXIS
x
ye ye x

x
-1

y e x y e x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 158
 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

A logarithmic function is defined by

f ( x) log a x
where x + and a > 0, a 1.

Examples of logarithmic functions are:

log 2 x , log 10 x 1 , 1 log 5 3x , log a (mx c) , ln( mx c)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 159
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMI C FUNCTION
f ( x) log a x and a 1.
(a) Function is undefined for x 0.
(b) f ( x) 0 when x 1 i.e. f (1) 0
(c) For x 1,
f ( x) 0 as x , f ( x)
(d) For 0 x 1,
f ( x) 0 as x 0, f ( x)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 160
 y
y log a x

For x 1,
f ( x) 0 as x , f ( x)

0 1 x
f (1) 0
For 0 x 1,
f ( x) 0 as x 0, f ( x)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 161
 y log a ( x) y y log a x

-1 0 1 x

y log a ( x) y log a x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 162
 A logarithmic function is defined by

f ( x) log a x
where x + and a > 0, a 1.
Replacing a with e, we shall define
f ( x) log e x ln x
ln means natural logarithm or logarithm to
the base e. The graph of f ( x ) ln x
shall shares the same properties as
f ( x) log a x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 163
 y ln( x ) y y ln x

-1 0 1 x

y ln( x) y ln x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 164
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPONENTIAL
AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Consider an exponential function defined by

f ( x) a x

where x and a > 0, a 1.

This function is one-to-one function in the

range +.

Therefore, the function f possesses an inverse

function.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 165
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPONENTIAL
AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

f ( x) a x f ( x) log a x

1
ff 1
x ff x
1
1
f [ f ( x)] x f [ f ( x)] x
1
a [f 1
( x )]
x log a [ f ( x)] x
1
ax
1 loga [ f ( x )]
log a a [f ( x )]
log a x a
1
f ( x) log a x f 1 ( x) a x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 166
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPONENTIAL
AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

f ( x) e x
f ( x) ln x

1
ff 1
x ff x
1
1
f [ f ( x)] x f [ f ( x)] x
1
e [f 1
( x )]
x ln[ f ( x)] x
1

ln e [f 1
( x )]
ln x e ln[ f ( x )]
e x

1
1
f ( x) ln x f ( x) e x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 167
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

It is clear that exponential function is the

inverse of logarithmic function and vice versa
algebraically.

Previously, we learn that the inverse function is

the reflection of the original function about the
line y = x on the same axes.

In this case, both exponential and logarithmic

functions will obey the graphical principal too.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 168
 y
ya x
yx

1 y log a x

x
O 1

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 169
 y
ye x
yx

1 y ln x

x
O 1

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 170
 EXPONENTIA L FUNCTION, y a x
D f (, )
R f (0, )

LOGARITHMI C FUNCTION, y log a x

D f (0, )
R f (, )

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 171
 EXPONENTIA L FUNCTION, y e x
D f (, )
R f (0, )

LOGARITHMI C FUNCTION, y ln x
D f (0, )
R f (, )

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 172
 COMPOSITE FUNCTION (RE-VISIT)

Suppose that the functions f and g are defined for the set of
real numbers , with
g ( x) y
f ( y) z
This means that we can create a new function which maps
x directly to z.

This function is called a composite function and is written

as
f g , where f g ( x) f [ g ( x)]

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 173
 Example 1:

Given that
f ( x) ln( x 1)
g ( x ) e 2e
2x x

h( x ) x 1
Find :
1
(a) f g (c) f
(b) h g (d) h f g

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 174
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 175
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 176
 Example 2:
Given that
1
x
f ( x) e 2
3

Find :
(a) f 1
(b) State the domain and range of f and f 1
1
(c) Sketch the graphs of f and f on the same axes.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 177
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 178
 SOLUTION: y

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 179
 Example 3:

The function g and composite function g f are defined as follows :

(a) g : x ln x and g f 2 ln( x 1)
x 2 1
(b) g:xe x
and g f e
Find the function f , in a similar form, in each case.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 180
 SOLUTION: (a) g : x ln x and g f 2 ln( x 1)

GET IT RIGHT!
g f 2ln( x 1)
Logarithm cannot be
g[ f ( x)] 2ln( x 1) cancelled off left and
right because
ln[ f ( x)] ln( x 1) 2 logarithm is a function.

Nevertheless we can
eliminate logarithm by
comparison left and
right instead
OR
take exponent to both
sides.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 181
 x 2 1
SOLUTION: (b) g : x e x
and g f e

GET IT RIGHT!

Exponent cannot be
cancelled off left and
right because
exponent is a function.

Nevertheless we can
eliminate exponent by
comparison left and
right instead
OR
take log to both sides.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 182
 EXAM TYPE QUESTIONS :

1. Given f ( x) x, g ( x) x 1 and h( x) e . x

Find f g h.

2. Function are defined as

f ( x) e , g ( x) 1 x, x
2x

Find f 1

and hence obtain g f 1
( x)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 183
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 184
 SOLUTION:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 185
 Example 4:

Sketch the graphs of the following functions.

State their domain and range.
x
1
(a) f ( x) 3 x (d) f ( x)
3
x
1
(b) f ( x) (e) f ( x) 3
2x

3
2 x 1
(c) f ( x) 3 x
(f) f ( x) 3
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 186
 SOLUTION: (a) f ( x) 3 x TIPS:

The graph will

f ( x) 3 0
x
definitely follow the
general shape, you
y intercept : f (0) 30 1 just need to check
asymptote : y 0 few things
(i) y-intercept
y (ii) asymptotes
D f (, )
R f (0, )

x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 187
 x
1
SOLUTION: (b) f ( x)
3
x
1
f ( x) 0
3
f ( x ) 3 x 0
y intercept :
y
asymptote :

Df
Rf

x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 188
 SOLUTION: (c) f ( x) 3 x

y
x

f ( x) 3x 0
y intercept : f (0) 30 1
asymptote : y 0

D f (, )
R f (,0)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 189
 x
1
SOLUTION: (d) f ( x)
3
y
x
x
1
f ( x ) 0
3
f ( x) 3 x 0
y intercept : f (0) 30 1
asymptote : y 0

D f (, )
R f (,0)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 190
 SOLUTION: (e) f ( x) 3 2x TIPS:

The graph will

f ( x) 3 0
2x
definitely follow the
general shape, you
y intercept : f (0) 32 ( 0 ) 1 just need to check
asymptote : y 0 few things
(i) y-intercept
y (ii) asymptotes
D f (, )
R f (0, )

x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 191
 2 x 1
SOLUTION: (f) f ( x) 3 TIPS:

2 x 1 The graph will

f ( x) 3 0 definitely follow the
general shape, you
y intercept : f (0) 32 ( 0 ) 1 3 just need to check
asymptote : y 0 few things
(i) y-intercept
y (ii) asymptotes
D f (, )
R f (0, )

x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 192
 Example 5:

Sketch the graphs of the following functions.

State their domain and range.

(a) f ( x) e 2x
(e) f ( x ) e 3
2x

(b) f ( x) e 1
2x
1
2x

x
(f) f ( x) 1
(c) f ( x) e 2 e
x2
(d) f ( x) e 2 x 1
(g) f ( x) e 2
2 x 1
(h) f ( x ) e 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 193
 SOLUTION: (a) f ( x) e 2x

f ( x) e 2 x 0
y intercept :
asymptote : y

Df
Rf

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 194
 SOLUTION: (b) f ( x) e 1
2x

f ( x) e 2 x 1
y intercept : f (0) e 2 ( 0 ) 1 2
asymptote : y 1
y

D f (, )
R f (1, )

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 195
 SOLUTION: (c) f ( x) e x 2
f ( x) e x 2
y intercept : f (0) e0 2 1
asymptote : y 2
y

D f (, )
R f (2, )
x

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 196
 2 x 1
SOLUTION: (d) f ( x) e
f ( x) e 2 x 1 0
y intercept : f (0) e 2 ( 0 ) 1 e
asymptote : y 0 y

D f (, )
R f (0, )

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 197
 SOLUTION: (e) f ( x) e 3 2x

x
f ( x ) e 3
2x

y intercept : f (0) e 2 ( 0 ) 3 2
asymptote : y 3

D f (, )
R f (,3)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 198
 2x
1
SOLUTION: (f) f ( x) 1
e
2x
1
f ( x) 1
e
f ( x) e 2 x 1
y intercept : f (0) e 2( 0) 1 2
y asymptote : y 1

D f (, )
R f (1, )

x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 199
 SOLUTION: (g) f ( x) e x 2 2
f ( x) e x 2 2
y intercept : f (0) e0 2 2 5.389
asymptote : y 2

y
D f (, )
R f (2, )

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 2 x 1
SOLUTION: (h) f ( x) e 1
y

f ( x) e 2 x 1 1
y intercept :
asymptote : y 1

D f (, )
R f (,1)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 201
 Example 6:

Sketch the graphs of the following functions.

State their domain and range.

(a) f ( x) ln( x) (e) f ( x) ln( 6 3x)

(b) f ( x) ln x 3 (f) f ( x) ln( x 1) 2 , x 1
(c) f ( x) ln( x 3) (g) f ( x) 2 ln( x e)
(d) f ( x) ln( 2 x 5) (h) f ( x) 1 ln( 1 2 x)

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 SOLUTION: y
(a) f ( x) ln( x)
x intercept , ln( x 0) 0
x 1
asymptote , x 0
x
TIPS:

The graph will

definitely follow the
general shape, you
just need to check
few things
Df
Rf
(i) x-intercept
(ii) asymptotes
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 203
 SOLUTION:
y

(b) f ( x) ln x 3
x intercept , ln( x 0) 3 0
x e3
asymptote , x 0
x
D f (0, )
R f (, )

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 204
 SOLUTION: y
(c) f ( x) ln( x 3)
x intercept, ln( x 3) 0
x 2
asymptote, x
x

Df
Rf

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 SOLUTION:
y
(d) f ( x) ln( 2 x 5)
x intercept , ln( 2 x 5) 0
x 2
asymptote ,2 x 5 0
5
x
2 x

Df
Rf

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 SOLUTION:
y
(e) f ( x) ln( 6 3x)

x intercept , ln( 6 3x) 0

5
x
3
asymptote ,6 3x 0
x2 x

D f ,2
R f (, )

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 TRIVIA: What will happen if domain x is unrestricted?

SOLUTION: y

(f) f ( x) ln( x 1)2 , x 1

x
0 1 2

D f (1, )
R f (, )

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 y ln( x 1)2 , x 1 208

 SOLUTION:

(g) f ( x) 2 ln( x e) y

x intercept ,2 ln( x e) 0
ln( x e) 2
x e e2
x 4.671
asymptote , x e 0
x e

x
D f (e, )
R f (, )
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 209
 SOLUTION:

(h) f ( x) 1 ln( 1 2 x) y
x intercept ,1 ln( 1 2 x) 0
1 e
x 0.859
2
x 0.859
1
asymptote , x
2 x

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 CONCLUSION

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 211
 CONCLUSION

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 212
 CONCLUSION
EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION GRAPHS

LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTION GRAPHS

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 213
 CONCLUSION

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 214
 EXERCISE 6/7
1) Find the domain and range for each of the following functions.
a) f ( x) 3x g) f ( x) log( x 2)
b) f ( x) 3 x h) f ( x) log( x 2)
c) f ( x) 3x i) f ( x) ln( x)
d) f ( x) 3x 1 j) f ( x) 2 ln x
e) f ( x) 3x 1 k) f ( x) 2 ln x
x
1
f) f ( x) 1 l) f ( x) ln x 1
3

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 215
 EXERCISE 6/7

2) Given h( x) e2 x , x R and g ( x) x3 1, x R.
(a) Find the inverse functions h 1 and g 1
(b) Find the composite functions g h and g g stating their range
(c) Show that g g ( x) 1 has only one root.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 216
 EXERCISE 6/7
3) Sketch the graph for each of the following
functions on the same axes.
a) f ( x) 3x b) f ( x) 3 x
c) f ( x) 3x d) f ( x) 3x 1
x
1
e) f ( x) 3x 1 f) f ( x) 1
3

4) Sketch the graph for each of the following

functions on the same axes.
a) f ( x) ln( x 2) b) f ( x) ln( x 2)
c) f ( x) ln( x) d) f ( x) 2 ln x
e) f ( x) 2 ln x f) f ( x) ln x 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 217
 Please refer Tutorial Book : Q20 and
ANSWER 6/7 21
1) Find the domain and range for each of the following functions.
a) D f -, , R f 0, g) D f 2, , R f ,
b) D f -, , R f 0, h) D f 2, , R f ,
c) D f -, , R f ,0 i) D f ,0 , R f ,
d) D f -, , R f 1, j) D f 0 , , R f ,
e) D f -, , R f 0, k) D f 0 , , R f ,
f) D f -, , R f 1, l) D f 0 , , R f ,
2)
1
(a) h 1 ( x) ln x, g 1 ( x) 3 x 1
2
(b) g h e6 x 1, Rg h 1,

g g x 3 1 1, Rg g ,
3

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 218
 ANSWER 6/7
y
3)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 219
 ANSWER 6/7
4) y

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 220