Stress - Psychological Disorders and Therapies

Stress, Coping and Health
Stress and Health

Leading causes of death in the US in 1900 and 1991
Percentage Percentage
Unlike many leading
U.S.deaths U.S.deaths killers a century ago,
todays major
30 30 killers are more
lifestyle-related
20 20
10 10
0 0
Tuber- Pneu- Diarrhea/ Heart Heart Cancer Strokes Chronic
culosis monia enteritis disease disease lung disease
1900 1991
What is Stress?
Stressors Stress
Catastrophes
Life changes the process by
Hassles
which we perceive
Intervening
factors and respond to
Appraisal
Perceived control
certain events,
Personality Stress called stressors, that
Social support reactions
Coping behaviors Physiological
we appraise as
Emotional threatening or
Behavioral
challenging
Stressful Life Events
Catastrophic Events
earthquakes, combat stress, floods
Life Changes
death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, promotion
Daily Hassles
rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout
Perceived Control
loss of control can increase stress hormones
Measuring Life Changes
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
Outline of 43 life events from most to least stressful
Point value assigned to each event
Negative and positive events both cause stress
Point totals describe impact of stress and chance of illness over a
two-year period
Score of 150-300: 50% chance of stress-related illness within 2
years
Score of 300+: 80% chance of stress-related illness within 2 years
Change in ones life requires an effort to adapt and then an effort to
regain stability
Shortcomings of SRRS include:
Individuals coping styles not taken into account
Good coping strategies reduce impact of each stressful event
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Responding to Stress
The General Adaptation Syndrome
The predictable sequence of reactions (stages) that organisms show in
response to stressors
1. Alarm Stage
Burst of energy that aids in dealing with the stressful situation
Adrenal cortex releases hormones called glucocorticoids
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels
2. Resistance stage
Intense physiological efforts to either resist or adapt
Glucocorticoids continue to be released
Length of stage based on stressor intensity and ability to adapt
3. Exhaustion stage
Occurs if an organism fails in its efforts to resist the stressor
Stores of energy are depleted
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The General Adaptation Syndrome
The Immune System and Stress
Lymphocytes
Key components of the immune system in the white
blood cells, including B and T cells
B cells: produced in the bone marrow
Produce antibody proteins
Destroy antigens in the bloodstream and
surrounding body tissues
T cells: produced in the thymus gland
Defeat harmful foreign invaders that reside inside
the bodys cells
rights reserved.

rights reserved.
Periods of high stress are correlated with:
Oral and genital herpes
Susceptibility to colds and flu
Potential reduction in the effectiveness of vaccines
Decreased levels of B and T cells
Worsened autoimmune diseases
Increased illness behaviors (reporting and seeking medical
care)
Suppressed immune system long after a stressful event is over
Increased academic pressures, poor marital relationships,
severe depression, and sleep deprivation due to suppressed
immune system
Severe bereavement affects physical and mental ailments
up to 2 years following a partners death
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Stress and Disease
Negative emotions and health-related
consequences
Heart
disease
Negative Stress Immune

emotions hormones suppression
Autonomic nervous
Unhealthy behaviors system effects
(smoking, drinking, (headaches,
poor nutrition and sleep) hypertension)
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Coping Strategies
Coping
Efforts through action and thought to deal with demands
that are perceived as taxing or overwhelming
Problem-focused coping
Direct response aimed at reducing, modifying, or
eliminating a source of stress
After getting a poor grade, student decides to study
harder or get a tutor
Emotion-focused coping
A response involving reappraising of a stressor to reduce
its emotional impact
View loss of a job as a challenge or opportunity not a
tragedy
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Coping Strategies
Defensive coping
Use of defense mechanisms as protection against the
unpleasant emotions brought on by stress.
Small illusions may be beneficial, large distortions are
maladaptive.
Constructive coping
Confront problems directly
Realistic appraisal of stress and coping resources
Learn to recognize and stop disruptive emotional reactions
Make efforts to protect the body from the damaging effects
of stress
Personal Factors Reducing
The Impact of Stress and Illness
Optimism
Cope more effectively with stress
Reduced risk of illness
Generally expect good outcomes
Find positives even in the darkest circumstances
Generally more stress resistant
Copyright 2011 Pearson

Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
Hardiness
A combination of three psychological qualities shared by
people who can handle high levels of stress and remain
healthy
1. Commitment
To both work and personal life
2. Control
Do not see themselves as victims of what life brings
Believe they have control over consequences and outcomes
3. Challenge
Act to solve their own problems
Welcome challenges in life
View challenges as opportunities for growth and improvement
Social Support
Tangible and/or emotional support provided in time
of need by family members, friends, and others
The feeling of being loved, valued, and cared for by
those toward whom we feel a similar obligation
Has a positive effect on the immune, cardiovascular,
and endocrine systems
Encourages health-promoting behaviors and reduces
impact of stress
Less likely to use unhealthy methods of coping
Relaxation Techniques
Health psychology
Devoted to understanding the

psychological influences on:
How people stay healthy
Why they become ill
How they respond when they do
get ill
reserved.
The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Stress
Focuses on health as well as

on illness
Holds that both are

determined by a
combination of biological,
psychological, and social
factors
Most health psychologists

endorse this model

rights reserved.
Psychological Disorders

Defining Psychological Disorders
Mental processes and/or behavior patterns that cause:
Emotional distress
Substantial impairment in functioning
What is abnormal?
Is the behavior considered strange within the persons own
culture?
What is normal in some cultures is abnormal in others
Does the behavior cause personal distress?
Experiencing considerable emotional distress without any life
experience that seems to be causing it.

Four Criteria for Abnormal Behavior

Abnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion,

thought, & action considered pathological for
one or more of four reasons:
statistical infrequency
disability or dysfunction
personal distress
violation of norms
Dysfunction is key to defining a

disorder: An intense fear of
spiders may be deviant, but if it
doesnt impair your life (ability to
function) it is not a disorder.

Insanity legal term applied when

people cannot be held responsible for
their actions or allowed to manage
their own affairs because of mental
illness.
-- Mental health professionals
do not use this term.

Classifying Psychological Disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th
Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
First published in 1952
300 specific disorders listed along with
criteria to make a diagnosis
Authoritative scheme for classifying
psychological disorders.
Insurance companies usually require a
DSM-IV-TR diagnosis before they pay
for therapy.
DSM-IV-TR The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV-Text
Revision was revised in 2000 with updated research. Since
then, the lengthy process of assembling DSM-V has begun.
It is a collaborative effort involving several mental health
organizations, including the American Psychiatric
Association and the World Health Organization. One key
goal of DSM-V is to incorporate the multidisciplinary
Research advances in mental health that have occurred
worldwide in recent years. DSM-V is scheduled to be
published in 2012 (Fink & Taylor, 2008).

Information provided by the DSM-IV-TR
Diagnostic features
Specific cultural, age and gender features
Prevalence
Course of the disorder
Familial pattern

Figure 14.1Sample DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria Each of the more than 250 psychological disorders
described in DSM-IV-TR has specific criteria that must be met in order for a person to be diagnosed with that
disorder. Shown above are the DSM-IV-TR criteria for antisocial personality disorder, which is also referred
to as psychopathy, sociopathy, or dyssocial personality disorder. The number 301.7 identifies the specific
disorder according to an international code developed by the World Health Organization. The code helps
researchers make statistical comparisons of the prevalence of mental disorders in different countries
and cultures.
Source: DSM-IV-TR (2000), p. 706.
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorder: unrealistic, irrational
fear
Major Anxiety Disorders:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
2. Panic Disorder
3. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
4. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
5. Phobias
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by chronic,

excessive worry for at least six months or
more.
Worrying either has no cause or is greatly
exaggerated.
People feel tense, irritable and have trouble
concentrating and sleeping.
Twice as common in women than men.

Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable
minutes-long episodes of intense fear and other
frightening sensations (heart pounding,
shortness of breath, choking sensations,
dizziness)
Visit doctors and emergency rooms quite frequently
Person is often left with fear of having another
panic attack
Can lead to agoraphobia-intense fear of being
in a situation from which no escape is possible
if the person experienced a panic attack.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Anxiety disorder in which a person suffers from
recurrent obsession, compulsions, or both
Obsession
Persistent, involuntary thoughts, images, or
impulse that invades consciousness and causes
great distress
Contamination by germs
Whether they performed a specific action
Turning off the stove or locking the door

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Compulsion
A persistent, irresistible, and irrational urge to
perform an act or ritual repeatedly
Individuals know the act is senseless but cannot
resist performing it without experiencing
intolerable anxiety
Anxiety is relieved only by doing the action
Becomes a psychological problem only if:
The person cannot resist performing it
It is very time-consuming
It interferes with normal activities and
relationships with others
Examples of obsessions:
Concern for order and constancy
Cleanliness (body or living space)
Forbidden sexual thoughts
Examples of compulsions:
Hand washing
Checking
Collecting
Repeating behaviors (in and out of a door)
Arranging things
Cleaning
Explaining Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
(OCD)
75% of OCD involves cleaning and checking

2-3% of U.S. population
Twin and family studies indicate genetic factors
Genes affecting serotonin are suspected of causing
OCD
Antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels
often helpful

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Typically occurs after a traumatic event (especially
crimes, war)
Symptoms include re-experiencing trauma (dreams,
flashbacks), avoidance of anything associated with trauma,
and constant state of jumpy anxiety
Sense of having no control over the traumatic event
the world is a dangerous place
Drug abuse is high w/ PTSD
Negative reinforcement (avoidance of symptoms with use)

)

Phobias
An anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear of
specific situations or objects.
The individual knows the fear is irrational.
Common phobias include animals, heights, closed
places, needles
Social phobias
An irrational fear and avoidance of any social or
performance situation in which one might
embarrass or humiliate oneself in front of others
Shaking, blushing, sweating, or appearing
clumsy, foolish, or incompetent
Most common type of anxiety disorder
Phobias
Specific phobias- A marked fear of a specific object

or situation.
Phobic items include (ordered by frequency of
occurrence):
Situational phobias (elevators, airplanes,
enclosed places, tunnels)
Fear of natural environment (storms or water)
Animal phobias (dogs, snakes, insects, or mice)
Blood injection-injury phobia (fear of seeing
blood or receiving an injection

Phobias
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Rx2l3Y
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44DCW
slbsNM&feature=fvwrel

Anxiety Disorders

Dissociative Disorders
Disorders in which, under unbearable stress,
consciousness becomes dissociated from a
persons identity, her/his memories of important
personal events, or both
Types of Dissociative Disorders:

Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Two or more distinct, unique personalities occur in the same
person
Severe memory disruption concerning personal information
about the other personalities
Change usually occurs suddenly and during stress
In 80% of cases, host personality doesnt know alter
personalities
Alter personalities have varying levels of awareness of each
other
Lost time periods with no memory while in alter personality
95% have history of severe physical and/or sexual abuse
Previously known as multiple personality disorder

Schizophrenia
Psychosis
A condition characterized by loss of contact with reality
Schizophrenia is the chief example of a psychotic disorder.
Schizophrenia
A severe psychological disorder characterized by loss of
contact with reality, hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate or
flat affect, some disturbance in thinking, social withdrawal,
and/or other bizarre behavior
Includes a class of disorders
Prevalence rate1% of the population

Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Delusions and irrational thought
Delusions are false beliefs that are maintained
even though they are clearly out of touch with
reality.
Distorted perceptions (Hallucinations)
Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of
real stimulus. Usually auditory.
Disturbed emotions
Some show a flattening of emotion.
Some show inappropriate emotional responses.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms: (known by their presence)

delusions, hallucinations, abnormal
movements, or thought disorders.
Negative symptoms: (characterized by absence)

social withdrawal, lack of affect, and reduced
motivation.

Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Characterized by delusions of grandeur or
persecution and hallucinations.
Convinced they have an identity other than their
own or that they possess great ability or talent
Often show exaggerated anger and suspiciousness
Feel they are being harassed or threatened
Behavior is not as disturbed as other types
The chance for recovery is better

Catatonic schizophrenia
Complete stillness or stupor
Great excitement or agitation
Frequently alternate rapidly between the two
May assume an unusual posture
Remain in the pose for long periods of time
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
Catchall term used when schizophrenic symptoms either:
Do not conform to the criteria of any one type of
schizophrenia or
Conform to more than one type

Disorganized Schizophrenia
Most serious type
Extreme social withdrawal
Hallucinations and delusions
Silliness
Inappropriate laughter
Grotesque mannerisms
Flat or inappropriate affect
Frequently incoherent
May exhibit obscene behavior
Results in the most severe disintegration of personality
Poorest chance of recovery

Copyright 2004 Allyn and Bacon
Causes of Schizophrenia
Genetic vulnerability
Evidence suggests heredity plays a role
Identical twins concordance rates-48%
Offspring of two schizophrenic parents has
about a 46% probability of developing the
condition.

Genetic Similarity and Probability of
Developing Schizophrenia

Causes of Schizophrenia
Effects of Prenatal environment

Malnutrition
Prenatal viral infections and birth
complications
Effects of the family environment
Results of research shows that a degree of
disorganized communication at home that
does not harm most children may have
damaging effects on those genetically
predisposed to schizophrenia
Mood Disorders
Mood-A prolonged emotional state that colors

a persons thoughts and behavior.
Mood Disorder-Characterized by extreme
disturbances in emotion or mood.
DSM-IV identifies two main categories:
Depressive Disorders-prolonged depression
Bipolar Disorders-alternate between extreme
depression and extreme elation (mania)

Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Marked by feelings of great sadness, despair, and
hopelessness as well as the loss of the ability to
experience pleasure
Symptoms
Changes in appetite, weight, or sleep patterns
Loss of energy
Difficulty in thinking or concentrating
Present for at least 2 weeks
Psychomotor disturbances
Slowed body movements, reaction time, and
speech
Constant movement, fidgeting, wringing of hands,
and pacing
Culture, Gender, and Depression
Rate of depression for females twice that for males
Largely due to conflicting roles of wife, mother, lover, friend, etc.
Boys twice as likely before puberty; after, females twice as likely
Women more likely to face negative consequences from depression
Lifetime Risk for Developing Depression in 10 Countries

Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder
A mood disorder in which manic episodes alternate with periods of
depression
Usually with relatively normal periods in between
Manic episodes are characterized by
Excessive euphoria
Inflated self-esteem
Wild optimism
Hyperactivity
Frequently have delusions of grandeur along with euphoric highs
May waste large sums of money on get-rich schemes
Likely become irritable, hostile, enraged, or dangerous if stopped

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKV5slC
DYs8&NR=1

Causes of Mood Disorders
Neurological Correlates
Heredity and abnormal brain structure and chemistry
Abnormal levels of serotonin linked to depression and
suicide
Neurotransmitter abnormalities may reflect genetic
variations
Heritability of depressive disorder is 70%, environment
30%
Twins of those diagnosed with bipolar disorder:
50% of identical twins also diagnosed
7% of fraternal twins also diagnosed
Causes of Mood Disorders
Psychological factors
Cognitive distortions
Maladaptive response to early negative life
events that leads to feelings of
incompetence and unworthiness
These responses are reactivated whenever a
new situation arises that resembles the
original events

Suicide
19,000 people commit suicide in the U.S.
every year, the 11th leading cause of death
More women than men attempt suicide,
but more men succeed

Suicide and Race, Gender, and Age
Mood disorders, schizophrenia, and substance abuse
are major risk factors for suicide in all age groups
Suicide rates far lower for white and African American
women than for men
Older Americans are at far greater risk than young people
90% of individuals who commit suicide leave clues
Verbally: You wont be seeing me again
Behavioral: giving away most valued possessions
Taking unnecessary risks
Showing personality changes
Losing interest in favorite activities
Warning signs should be taken seriously
Encourage them to get professional help or call 24-hour
hotline
Personality Disorders
A long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive

pattern of behaving and relating to others,
which usually begins in early childhood or
adolescence
Approximately 3% of men and 1% of women
have a personality disorder
Rate among prisoners is close to 50%

Characteristics of personality disorders
Extremely difficult to get along with
Unstable work and social histories
Know their behavior causes problems, yet seem unable to
change
Blame other people or situations for their problems
Treatment options are few
Most seek treatment by legal authorities or family members
Seldom engage in self-reflection essential for success
Psychological and behavioral factors that lead to a personality
disorder diagnosis may be resolved to some degree or become
less severe over time

Three clusters
Dramatic, Emotional: Histrionic
Narcissistic
Antisocial
Borderline
Anxious, Fearful: Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-Compulsive
Odd, Eccentric: Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal

Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder

Most troubling and heavily researched
personality disorder
Disregards rights, feelings; manipulates, etc.
without remorse
Aggressive, irresponsible, reckless, willing to
break the law
Breaks the law, lies, cheats, exploits, and fails
to hold jobs
Typically a male, whose lack of conscience
becomes plain before age 15

Somatoform Disorders
Disorders in which physical symptoms are present due to
psychological causes rather than any known medical condition
People with somatoform disorders are not faking illness to avoid
work or other activities
Hypochondriasis
Persons preoccupied with their health; fear their physical
symptoms are the sign of some serious disease
Not convinced when medical examination reveals no problem
Symptoms are not consistent with known physical disorders
May doctor shop, seeking confirmation of their worst fears
Not easily treated
.
Somatoform Disorders
Conversion Disorder
A person suffers a loss of motor or sensory functioning
in some part of the body
Loss has no physical cause but solves some
psychological problem
May become blind, deaf, unable to speak, or paralysis
in some part of the body
Freud believed it is an unconscious process to help
solve an unconscious sexual or aggressive conflict
.
Therapies
Psychodynamic therapies
Attempt to uncover childhood experiences
that are thought to explain a patients
current difficulties
Psychoanalysis
Freuds first psychodynamic therapy
Uses free association and dream
analysis

Psychodynamic Therapies
Free association
Technique used to explore the unconscious by
having patients reveal whatever thoughts, feelings,
or images come to mind
Analyst pieces together the free-flowing
associations, explaining their meanings
Helps the patient gain insight into troubling
thoughts and behaviors
Dream analysis
Areas of repressed emotional concerns expressed
symbolically in dreams

Humanistic Therapies
Assume people have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and
make rational choices
Person-Centered Therapy
A nondirective, humanistic therapy
Developed by Carl Rogers
Therapist creates an accepting climate and shows empathy
Unconditional positive regard
Frees clients to be themselves, releasing their natural tendency
toward self-actualization
Psychological disorders result when a persons natural tendency
towards self-actualization is blocked by oneself or others
Therapist empathizes with clients concerns and emotions
Reflecting listening used in responses, allowing the client to
control the direction of the sessions
.
Behavior Therapies
Based on the idea that abnormal idea is learned

Applies the principles of operant and classical conditioning, or
observational learning
Eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors and replace
them with more adaptive responses
Doesnt change the individuals personality structure or
search for the origin of the problem
Behavior modification
Uses learning principles to eliminate inappropriate or
maladaptive behaviors and replace them with more adaptive
responses

Behavior Therapies
Systematic desensitization
Used to treat fears by training clients in deep muscle relaxation
Then they confront a hierarchy of anxiety producing situations
(Real or Imagined)
Repeated until they remain relaxed even in the most feared
situation
Highly successfully treatment for eliminating fears and phobias
in a short period of time
Exposure and response prevention
A behavior therapy that exposes clients with obsessive-
compulsive disorder to stimuli that trigger obsessions and
compulsive rituals
While clients resist performing the compulsive rituals for
progressively longer periods of time
.
Cognitive Therapies
Assume maladaptive behavior can result from irrational thoughts,
beliefs, and ideas
Often called cognitive-behavioral approach
Combine cognitive insight with methodological behavioral
approach
Therapists seek to change the way clients think
Determine effectiveness by assessing changes in the
clients behavior
Effective in treatment of:
Anxiety disorders
Hypochondriasis
Psychological drug dependence

Cognitive Therapies
Becks cognitive therapy
Therapist identifies and challenges irrational thoughts
Sets up a plan and guides the client so life experiences become
evidence to refute false beliefs
Homework assignments given to track automatic thoughts and
feelings evoked by them; clients write substitute rational thoughts
Brief, lasting 10-20 sessions
Extensive research demonstrates high success rate with:
Mild to moderate depression
Panic disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Cocaine addiction, insomnia, and bulimia
Negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Less likely to relapse than those treated with antidepressant drugs

Biomedical Therapies
Therapy based on the assumption that psychological disorders
are symptoms of underlying physical problems
Includes drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and
psychosurgery
Millions of people take medications for psychological problems
Drug therapy
Antipsychotic drugs
Drugs used to control severe psychotic symptoms
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and
behavior
Inhibiting dopamine activity
50% of patients have a good response

Biological Therapies
Antipsychotic drugs
Atypical neuroleptics (newer drugs)
Clozapine, Risperidone, Olanzipine
Target both dopamine and serotonin
Treat both positive and negative effects of schizophrenia

Antidepressant Drugs
Act as mood elevators for severely depressed people
and are also prescribed to treat some anxiety
disorders
65-75% of patients report significant improvement
40-50% report complete recovery
Placebo studies demonstrate almost equal
effectiveness
Responses to antidepressants a combination of
physiological effects on the brain and the patients
confidence in effectiveness of treatment
.
Antidepressant Drugs
Second generation antidepressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Block the reuptake of serotonin increasing
availability at the brain synapses
Fewer side effects and safer in case of overdose
Effective in treating:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Social phobia
Panic disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
.
Electroconvulsive Therapy
An electric current is passed through the right hemisphere of the brain
Usually reserved for severely depressed patients who are suicidal and dont
respond to other treatments
Highly effective for major depression
Unilateral ECT used today instead of bilateral ECT
Equally effective with milder cognitive side-effects
Patients are given anesthesia, controlled oxygenation, and a muscle
relaxant
When effective, ECT:
Changes the biochemical balance in the brain
Reduces cerebral blood flow in the prefrontal cortex
No structural brain damage demonstrated in MRI or CT scans
.

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Stress, Coping and Health

Stress and Health

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All

Negative Stress Immune

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson

Devoted to understanding the

Focuses on health as well as

Holds that both are

Most health psychologists

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion,

Dysfunction is key to defining a

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Insanity legal term applied when

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Major Anxiety Disorders:

An anxiety disorder characterized by chronic,

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson

75% of OCD involves cleaning and checking

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specific phobias- A marked fear of a specific object

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Dissociative Disorders:

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Positive symptoms: (known by their presence)

Negative symptoms: (characterized by absence)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson

Effects of Prenatal environment

Mood-A prolonged emotional state that colors

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lifetime Risk for Developing Depression in 10 Countries

Copyright 2011 Pearson

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson

Based on the idea that abnormal idea is learned