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Fiber Optics
1
Introduction
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Optical fiber is very thin and flexible
medium having a cylindrical shape
consisting of three section
3
Optical fiber consists of three
sections
1. Core
2. Cladding
3. Protective Jacket
Core: It is an inner cylindrical material
made up of glass or plastic
Cladding: It is a cylindrical shell of glass or
plastic material in which Core is inserted.
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Optical fiber consists of three
sections
Protective Jacket: The Cladding is enclosed
in polyurethane jacket and it protects the
fiber from surroundings.
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NORMAL
RERAR MEDIUM
NORMAL r = 90
DENSAR MEDIUM
c c
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NORMAL
RERAR MEDIUM
DENSAR MEDIUM
c
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According to law of refraction
n1 sin n2 sin r
c r 90 0
n2
sin c sin 90 0
n1
n2
sin c
n1
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Acceptance Angle And Acceptance Cone
B
r
Core n1
r
i A
C Fiber axis
Cladding n2 11
Acceptance Angle And Acceptance
Cone
Applying Snell s law for Air-Core media
n0 sin i n1 sin r ..............(1)
from the right angle triangle ABC
r 900
r 900
n0 sin i n1 sin( 900 )
n0 sin i n1 cos
n1
sin i cos .........(2)
n0
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Acceptance Angle And Acceptance
Cone
when critical angle ( c ) i m
n1
sin m cos c ................(3)
n0
according to law of refraction
n1 sin i n2 sin r
i c r 90 0
n2
sin c sin 90 0
n1
n2
sin c
n1
n2 2
cos c 1 sin 2 c 1 ( )
n1
n1 n2
2 2
cos c ............(4) 13
n1
Acceptance Angle And Acceptance
Cone
substitute equation (4) in (3)
n1 n2
2 2
n1
sin m
n0 n1
if the medium surroundin g the fiber is air, then n 0 1
sin m n1 n2
2 2
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Acceptance Cone
m
m
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Acceptance Cone
Numerical Aperture
Light collecting capacity of the fiber is
expressed in terms of acceptance angle
using the terminology Numerical
Aperture
Sine of the maximum acceptance angle is
called is called the Numerical Aperture of
the fiber.
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Numerical Aperture
NA sin max
n1 n2
2 2
sin max
n0
NA n1 n2
2 2
n n2
2 2
1 2
(let us define a quanitity called as reletive
2n1
refractive index difference by the expression )
NA n1 2
2
NA n1 2 18
Numerical Aperture
It should be noted that the Numerical
Aperture of a fiber i.e its light collecting
capacity is effectively dependent only on
the refractive indices of the core and
cladding materials and is not a function of
the fiber dimensions.
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TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRES
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Single and Multimode Fibers
cladding
M=2 m=1
cladding
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Single mode: if the thickness of the fiber is
so small that is supports only one mode
then the fiber is called Monomode or
single mode fiber .
Instead if its supports more than one mode
then it is called Multimode fiber
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Refractive index profile of
single mode step index fiber
60 to 70 m
8 to 10 m
RI
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Radial distance
step index fiber
In these fibers the entire core has uniform
refractive index n1 slightly grater than the
refractive index of the cladding n2index
profile is in the form of a Step ,these fibers
are called step index fibers
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REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILE OF
MULTI MODE STEP INDEX FIBRE
100 to 250 m
50 to 200 m
RI
Radial distance 25
Multimode Step Index Fiber
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Transmission of single in step index
fiber.
2 core
27
Graded index fiber
60 to 70 m
8 to 10 m
RI
28
Radial distance
Graded index fiber
In graded index multimode fiber ,the refractive
index of the core varies radially .
It has maximum refractive index at its centre,
which gradually falls with increase of radius and
at the core cladding interface matches with the
RF of the cladding.
The variation of refractive index of the core (n)
with radius (x),measured from the centre of the
core ,is given by
n(x)=n1[1-2(x/a)p]2
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Transmission of signal in graded
index fiber
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REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILE OF
MULTIMODE GRADED INDEX FIBRE
100 to 250 m
50 to 200 m
RI
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Optical fiber Communication
System
4.Receiver 5.Decoder
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1.Encoder: It converts electric signal corresponding to analog
information such as voice, figures, objects etc into a binary data. This
binary data corns out in the form of stream of electrical pulses.
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TRANSMITTER
ENCODER
AMPLIFIER
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receiver
Attenuation or Power loss in
Optical fibers
The power of the light at the out put end is found to be always less
than the power launched at the input end.
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