Experimental

Research
Heny Munfaati
Aulia Priangan
Dina Kamalia
What is Experimental Research?
An experimental design is used when you
want to test a particular variable. (Patricia D.
Morrell & Carrol, 2010: 13)
The experimental method is the only
method of research that can truly test
hypotheses concerning cause-and-effect
relationships. (Gay, L.R., 1992: 298)
The method indeed the only fully
compelling method of establishing
causation is to conduct a carefully designed
experiment in which the effects of possible
lurking variables are controlled.(Moore, D., &
McCabe, D., 1993: 202)
When do we conduct
experimental research?
Anexperiment when you want to establish
possible cause and effect between your
independent and dependent variables.
Characteristics of
1. Manipulating
Experimental Variable
2. Controlling
Variable
Research
3. Random
Assignment
4. Treatment
A. The Effect of Meta cognitive Instruction on
Learning and Motivation
B. The Effectiveness of Commercial Software in
Teaching Grammar
C. Collaborative Teaching Reflection: Insights
into a Globalized Partnership
D. The Role of Learner Training in the
Effectiveness of CALL
E. Teaching Students with Special Needs in
Inclusive Classrooms Special Educational
Need
 Validity
Internal Validity refers to the inferences about
whether the changes observed in a dependent
variable are, in fact, caused by the independent
variable(s) in a particular research study rather
than by some extraneous factors.
External Validity refers to the degree to which
the result can be generalized to the wider
population, cases, or situation.
 Threats to Internal Validity
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Statistical
Regression
Selection Bias
Experimental Mortality (attrition)
Selection-maturation interaction
External Validity
Interaction of selection and treatment
Interaction of setting and treatment
Interaction of history and treatment
Types of Experimental
Research

Preexperiment
al

True
experimental

Quasi
experimental
 Experimental Research Design
1. Preexperimental
Design

Uses one group Uses two or more

Comparing the score groups
from pretest and No pretest is used
posttest Comparing the
posttest score
2. True Experimental Design
2.1 Randomized Subjects, Posttest-Only Control
Group Design

o This design has two essential necessary for maximum

control of the threats to internal validity;
randomization and control group.
o No pretest is used.
o Only the experimental group is exposed to the
treatment.
2.2 Randomized Matched Subjects, Posttest-Only
Control Group Design

o Uses a matching technique to form equivalent groups

o Subjects are matched on one or more variables that can
be measured convinirnthly, such as IQ or reading score.
 2.3 Randomized Subjects, Pretest-Posttest
Control Group Design

one randomly assigns subjects to the experimental and

control groups and administers a pretest on the
dependent variable Y.
Both pretest and posttest are used.
Comparing the posttest score.
 2.4 Solomon Four-Groups Design

Uses four groups.

One groups as experimental group and three groups as
control group.
3. Quasi Experimental Design

3.1 Nonrandomized Control Group, Pretest-

Posttest Design

This design doesnt permit random assigment of subjects

to the experimental and control groups.
3.2 Counterbalanced Design

All groups receive all experimental treatments but in a

different order
 3.3 One-Group Time-Series Design

Involves periodic measurement on one group and the

introduction of an experimental treatment into this time
series of measurements.
Comparing the measurement before and aftre treatment.
3.4 Control Group Time-Series Design

The control group, again representing an intact class,

would be measured at the same time as the experimental
group but would not experience the X treatment.
Instrument
Instrument is equipment in the research
using a method (Arikunto,2010:192) .
Example:
Test
Questionnaire
Data Collection
Data collection is obtaining useful
information.
The general methods to collect the data
are observations, interview,
documentation, and test.
Technique of Collecting Data
Field Research
Data Analysis
Dataanalysis, also known as analysis of
data or data analytics, is a process of
inspecting, transforming, and modeling
data with the goal of discovering useful
information, suggesting conclusions,
and supporting decision-making.
Techniques of Data Analysis
Example:
Giving the score
Statistical analysis procedure