Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Kelompok 2
1. Anshar Rahman
2. Daniel Baptista
3. Johannes Silaban
4. Rifqi Bambang P
5. Rivo Adikusuma
CONTROLS ON SEDIMENT
ACCUMULATION
Preface
not every river, lake, delta, estuary or so on is
necessarily a place where sediments will accumulate
and form a succession of strata.
In fact, the preservation of deposits that will eventually
form part of the sedimentary record is actually the
exception, rather than the rule.
The concept of the present being the key to the past,
can be difficult to apply, because most of what we see
happening today in modern environments of
deposition is not necessarily representative of events
that will lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks.
Tectonics of sedimentary basins
Places where sediment accumulates are known as
sedimentary basins (a bowl-shaped
depression on the land surface) and they can
range in size from a few kilometres across to
ocean basins covering half the planet.
With the advent of plate tectonic theory the
geosynclinal concept became redundant and it is
now conventional to categorise sedimentary
basins in terms of their plate tectonic setting
(Ingersoll 1988; Busby & Ingersoll 1995).
Climate, sediment supply and base-level
controls
Connection to oceans and sea-level changes
Sea-level changes do not necessarily affect all basins. These basins of
internal drainage (or endorheic basins) can form in a variety of tectonic
settings, principally as rifts, foreland basins and strike-slip basins
Climatic effects of weathering, transport and deposition
The significance of climate as a control on processes has been
considered in the context of a number of different surface processes and
depositional environments.
Bedrock and topography controls on sediment supply
A deposit derived from the weathering and erosion of basaltic rock will
have a very different character to one derived from a limestone terrain.
The relationship between sediment supply and accommodation was
considered in the context of relative sea-level changes, but the volume of
sediment supply has an impact on the nature of the whole basin fill.
Tectonic setting classification of
sedimentary basins
All these different tectonic settings are also areas where
sediment can accumulate, and at a simple level three
main settings of basin formation can be recognised:
1. basins associated with regional extension within and
between plates;
2. basins related to convergent plate boundaries;
3. basins associated with strike-slip plate boundaries.
A more detailed consideration of the tectonic setting of
both modern and ancient basins (Ingersoll 1988; Busby
& Ingersoll 1995) indicates that at least 20 types can be
recognised.
BASIN RELATED TO SUBDUCTION
Fore arc; Back arc; Trench
Cross section illustrating Sediment
deposited in an ocean trench
Fore arc basin
Back arc Basin
Trench Basin
BASINS RELATED TO LITHOSPHERIC
EXTENSION
Rift basin
Intracratonic Basin
Proto-oceanic troughs: the transition from rift to
ocean
Passive margin
Ocean Basin
Obducted slabs
BASINS RELATED TO CRUSTAL LOADING
PERIPHERAL FORELAND BASINS
RETROARC FORELAND BASINS
BASINS RELATED TO STRIKESLIP
TECTONICS
STRIKE-SLIP BASINS
Sedimentary Basin Analysis
Siklus Wilson
1. Rift Basin
Rift Basin merupakan suatu cekungan yang
terbentuk karena adanya gaya ekstensional yang
disebabkan oleh adanya arus konveksi.
Oceanic Basins
Cekungan samudera (oceanic basins) terbentuk di mid oceanic ridge.
Pembentukan cekungan ini akan menyebabkan sesar transform dari
mantle plume di bawah permukaan.
Arc and Trench Formation
Cekungan yang terdapat pada area busur dan
palung disebabkan oleh adanya subduksi.
Ocean Closure
Ocean Closure merupakan fase penutupan pada
siklus wilson dimana lempeng-lempeng akan
saling menunjam satu sama lain
Mountain Belt