Sub-Atomic Particles

Electron
Proton and
Neutron
 J. J. Thomson
Charge/Mass Ratio of Electron
 R.A. Millikan
Charge on the Electron: R.A. Mulliken
calculated the charge on an electron by his
famous Oil Drop Experiment. The value came
out to be -1.6012 10 19 coulomb

Mass of Electrons:
 Eugene Goldstein
A dim glow is visible behind the cathode
when an electric discharge is passed through
a perforated cathode in a discharge tube
filled with a gas at low pressure

These new type of rays travel from anode to

that cathode

He gave the name canal rays to these rays

because these rays cross the canals of the
cathode and reach the other side
 W.Wein proved that the canal rays
consist of positively charged particles

J.J.
Thomson gave the name positive
rays to them because they are
composed of positively charged
particle
 The smallest and lightest positive ion
was obtained from hydrogen and was
called proton

Charge
on the Proton =
+1.602 10 19
coulomb

Mass of Proton = 1.6725 10 27

kg
 James Chadwick

Bombarding a thin sheet of beryllium by -particles

When electrically neutral particles having a mass

slightly greater than that of the protons was emitted

He named these particles as neutrons

Charge on the neutron= Zero

Mass of Proton = 1.67493 10 27 kg

Discovery of the Neutron

9 4 12 1
4Be +
2He 6 C +
0 n

James Chadwick bombarded beryllium-9 with alpha

particles,
carbon-12 atoms were formed, and neutrons were
emitted.
 Electron as ( -1e 0 ) Proton as ( +1P 1 ) neutron as ( 0n 1)
Atomic Number = Protons

The atomic number of an element is the

number of protons
Located above the symbol of the element
The number of protons determines the identity
of the element.
Each element has a different atomic number
 Mass number
The Mass number of an atom is the sum of the numbers of
protons and neutrons (Proton + Neutron)
Located below the symbol of the element
Atomic mass is measured in amus, (atomic mass units)

Atomic Mass = Mass of Protons + Mass of Neutrons

Mass of one proton = Mass of one neutron = 1 amu
and Mass of electron = 0 amu
Mass number = Atomic Mass
 How many electrons are in an
atom?

For an atom to have an overall neutral

charge the number of electrons must equal
the number of protons

Protons= electrons
 ISOTOPES
Atoms with identical atomic number but different

atomic mass number (different No. of neutrons)

 Chemical properties of atoms are controlled by
the number of electrons

Number of neutrons present in the nucleus

have very little effect on the chemical
properties of an element

Therefore, all the isotopes of a given element

show same chemical behavior
 Isobars
Isobars are the atoms with same mass number but
different atomic number (different No. of protons)
6C14 and 7N14
Mass number = Proton + neutron (6+8=14 in
C 7+7=14 in N)
Atomic Number = protons (6 in C and 7 in N)
All the isobars of a given element show different
chemical behavior
The end