Seismic Method

Seismic Acquisition and Processing

Mutiara Gani
Seismic Wave
Seismic Waves Type
Direct Wave

Gelombang langsung adalah gelombang yang menjalar

pada lapisan 1 langsung dari sumber ledak ke arah
receiver. T = x/v
 Seismic Wave
Gempa
merupakan salah
satu penjalaran
gelombang
seismik dengan
sumber energi
yang sangat
besar.

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Wiroyudo dan Burhannudinnur, 2004
 Seismic Wave Propagation and Travel Time

Frekuensi gelombang gempa < 10 Herzt

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi
Wiroyudo dan Burhannudinnur, 2004
 Energy An Explosion!
Source .4 s Listening Devices .1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
0 sss

.8 s

Some Energy is Reflected

Most Energy is Transmitted

Some Energy is Reflected

Most Energy is Transmitted

Wave fronts berwarna hitam

Ray path berwarna merah
esy of ExxonMobil
 Propagation of Seismic Waves

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Wiroyudo dan Burhannudinnur, 2004
 Initial Model

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Wiroyudo dan Burhannudinnur, 2004
 Propagation of Seismic Wave
t= 65 msec

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Wiroyudo dan Burhannudinnur, 2004
 Propagation of Seismic Wave
t= 80 msec

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Wiroyudo dan Burhannudinnur, 2004
 Propagation of Seismic Wave
t= 110 msec

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Wiroyudo dan Burhannudinnur, 2004
Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi
Wiroyudo dan Burhannudinnur, 2004
Propagation of Seismic Wave
t= 140 msec

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Wiroyudo dan Burhannudinnur, 2004
Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi
Wiroyudo dan Burhannudinnur, 2004
Reflection Wave Travel Time

(TWT)2= (x/v)2 + (2z/v)2

r = Jarak tempuh gelombang

twt =Waktu tempuh gelombang
Refraction Wave Travel Time

PR!!
Convolution Model

MODEL ING

AI(t) RC(t) W(t) S(t)

INVERSION

Geofisika Eksplorasi Eko Widianto

The Ideal Seismic Response
Able to resolve boundaries of beds a few meters thick

1 meter

Increase in Impedance Decrease in Impedance

Courtesy of ExxonMobil
 SEISMIC vs REAL WORLD

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Eko Widianto
 SEISMIC vs REAL WORLD

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Eko Widianto
Seismic Acquisition
Land Seismic Acquisition

http://mines.industry.qld.gov.au/geoscience/what-are-seismic-surveys.htm
 Seismic Acquisition (water land)

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Eko Widianto
 Marine
Acquisition

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Eko Widianto
 Vibroseis

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi

Eko Widianto
 Parameter Penembakan

Zsh

The near offset is the distance from the source to the nearest receiver

Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi Hnear < Zsh

Eko Widianto
Slide Kuliah Geofisika Eksplorasi
Eko Widianto
Seismic Acquisition

Kearey et al, 2002

a. Symmetrical Split Spread

b. On End Spread or Single Ended
c. Asymmetrical Split pread
 For Shot 1
Tugas 2 Plot twt Distance
0
Offset (Distance)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
0.2

0.4

0.6
Direct Arrival

2 Way Travel Time

0.8

1.2

1.4

Plot waktu tempuh gelombang pantul dan 1.6

gelombang langsung dengan jarak S-R1 = 1000
m dan jarak antar geophone = 100 m dengan 1.8 Reflection
nilai kedalaman target (z) = 1000 m
2
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Time

t x plot
 Trace Seismic
For Shot 1

Offset (Distance)
MODEL ING R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

AI(t) RC(t) W(t) S(t)

Direct Arrival

2 Way Travel Time

*

INVERSION Reflection
Output Direct Wave & reflection wave RAW
A SHOT GATHER DATA
B

On End Spread or Single Ended

Symmetrical Split Spread

Kearey et al, 2002

Processing

Koreksi Statik
Analisis Kecepatan (Velocity Analysis)
Koreksi NMO
Stack
Post-Stack Deconvolution
Migrasi F-K (F-K Migration)
Static Correction

Kearey et al, 2002

CMP and CDP gather
Common Mid Point
Commond Depth Point

Kearey et al, 2002

Common Midpoint Gather For Point A

CMP Gather
Sources Receivers
S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

We sort the shot-receiver pairs so that data

from the same bounce point (e.g., at A) is
captured

Courtesy of ExxonMobil CMP = common mid point L 5 Seismic

Method Offset Distance
CMP Gather
CMP Gather

The travel times differ since the path for a

near offset trace
is less than the path for a far offset trace

With the correct velocity, we can correct for

the difference in travel time for each trace.

The curvature of this hyperbola is a function of

the average velocity down to the depth of the
reflection
Offset Distance
L 5 Seismic
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
Method
 NMO > Normal Move Out
CMP Gather
Velocity
Curves
Too Slow Down

Velocity Flat
Correct

Velocity Curves
Up
Too Fast

Offset Distance

Courtesy of ExxonMobil
Velan > Velocity Analysis

Kearey et al, 2002

Picking Semblance
Picking the optimum velocity

Kearey et al, 2002

 1 CMP gather

Stacking NMO
We stack several
offset traces
(# traces = fold)

The geologic
signal will be
additive

The random noise

will tend to cancel

Stacking greatly
improves S/N
(signal-to-noise)

Offset Distance
Courtesy of ExxonMobil 10 Fold
10 Fold

Kearey et al, 2002

Migration

Kearey et al, 2002

Kearey et al, 2002
Refferences

Gadallah, M.R and Fisher, R. (2009) Exploration Geophysics. Springer.

Kearey, P., Brooks, M., Hill, I. (2002). An Introduction to Geophysical
Exploration. Blackwell Science.

Schroeder, F.E (2004). Exxon Mobile Course Power Point: Geology and
Geophysics Applied to Industry.
Wiroyudo, G.K, Burhannudinnur (2004). Slide Kuliah Geofisika Explorasi