Disaster

Awareness,
Preparedness and
Management
 What is Natural Disaster?
A disaster is a serious disruption of society
Causes widespread human, material, or environmental
losses
It affects the societys ability to cope on its own resources.

Natural Disasters
Human Aggravated Natural Disasters (HAND)
Disruptions that emanate from nature but which may be
aggravated by human activity

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 EXAMPLES
ONDOY caused by natural factors but also men who throw garbage
anywhere.

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 The Philippines is located in
the circum-pacific belt of fire
and typhoon.
the country has always been
subjected to natural disaster
and calamities anytime of the
year.
we have been experiencing
yearly natural calamities
floods, typhoons, tornadoes,
earthquakes, drought,
tsunamis and volcanic
eruptions which have brought
incessant miseries to our
people, lost of lives and
properties.

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 In the mid-seventies and eighties,
strong typhoons and torrential
rains brought devastation to
Manila and large areas of central
Luzon.

The 1990 killer earthquake that hit

several Luzon provinces as well as
Metro Manila and the effects of the
1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption had
put the National Disaster
Coordinating Council (NDCC) in the
forefront.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

calamity refers to a situation that is associated with

catastrophic events where a number of persons are plunged
with hardship and suffering that are caused by problems like
shortage of food, clothing, medical care and other basic
necessities.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

Disasters
are progressive or sudden events brought about by natural or human-
induced hazards that cause losses and sufferings the consequence of
which results to people and communities undertaking extra-ordinary
measures to cope with their impacts.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

disaster control
refers to the act of limiting the effect of disaster through the
introduction of measures designed to prepare the inhabitants before,
during and after a disaster.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

disaster management
the efficient and effective utilization of resources and the application
of measure that will mitigate the impact of unfortunate events and
facilitate return to normalcy and redevelopment.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

Flood
a state or condition when water overflows from natural waterways
caused by heavy rainfall resulting in the water accumulation in low
lying areas.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

Hazards
are natural or man-induced phenomena or activities, the presence of
which poses a threat to peoples lives, limbs, properties and socio-
economic conditions.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

National Disaster Coordinating Council

the highest government body responsible in advising the President of
the country on the status of disaster preparedness program and
disaster relief and rehabilitation effort at the national level.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

pollution
refers to any discharge of liquid, solid substance or gases into land,
soil, waters, atmosphere, air or space which will create or render such
environmental elements and atmospheric air harmful or detrimental or
injurious to human beings, animals, plants and the natures
environment and ecological balance.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

radioactive fall-out
dust particles of Earth and debris, together with the radioactive
materials that cling to them and are drawn up into mushroom clouds
resulting from detonation of a nuclear weapon or devise and which are
carried by the wind and sent back to earth.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

rehabilitation
refers to the restoration of a persons economic dependency to a
stable living either physically, economically, socially or emotionally.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

relief
- refers to anything that is done to alleviate the condition of those who
are suffering from the effects of a calamity/disaster and who at that
particular time are completely helpless.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

risks
- refers to the degree or chance and frequency that such hazards will
affect or impact people and communities.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

space debris
these are remains of artificial satellites and other components as well
as their means of carriage aloft which fall back to earth.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

state of calamity
- it is a condition that is declared by the President of the country in the
event of a widespread destruction to property and lives due to
destructive forces of nature and emergencies.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

volcanic eruption
an occurrence characterized by an ejection of volcanic materials such
as molten lava, rock fragments, ashes, lahar flow, steam and other
gases through the fissure brought about by tremendous pressure
which forces open the rock formation or steam reservoirs beneath the
Earths crust.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

vulnerability
the level of susceptibility or resiliency of the people and communities
against the impact of the prevailing hazards based on the state of
physical, social, and economic conditions in a given area

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 NATIONAL DISASTER COORDINATING COUNCIL
AND ITS OPERATING POLICIES
In the year 1989, the NDCC, by virtue of Memorandum Order Number 4 has
issued some functional policies and procedures intended to assist the victims
of calamities and alleviate their plight.
Upon the declaration of a state calamity by the President, priority assistance
is instantly extended to victims in terms of relief operations, medical
assistance, and immediate repair of vital infrastructures which were damaged
by natural disasters and resettlement of calamity victims. Calamity funds are
released directly to the implementing departments and agencies. Funds
released to the Department of Social Welfare and Development are used for
emergency relief and rehabilitation assistance to affected areas and disaster
victims. Funds released to the Department of Health are used in the
procurement of needed medicines and for medical assistance to disaster
victims.

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 The NDCC is composed of the following:
Department of National Defense Department of Justice
(lead agency) Department of Trade and Industries
Department of Public Works and
Department of Interior and Local
Highways
Government
Department of Transportation and
Department of Public Information
Communication
Department of Budget and
Department of Social Welfare and Management
Development
Chief of Staff, AFP
Department of Education
Secretary General, Philippine
Department of Finance
National Red Cross
Department of Labor and Civil Defense Office
Employment

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 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

1. Chairman convenes the Council as often as necessary and calls on all other
departments/bureaus/agencies, other instrumentalities of the government and
the private sector for assistance when the need arises.
2. Administrator, Office of Civil Defense coordinates the activities, functions
of the various agencies and instrumentalities of the government, private
institutions and civic organizations to implement the policies and programs of
the NDCC; disseminates materials relative to disaster prevention, control and
mitigation; advises the Chairman on matters concerning disaster management.
3. Secretary of Interior and Local Government oversees the organization of
DCCs, the establishment of Disaster Operations Centers of all local
governments, and the training of DCC members in coordination with OCD,
DSWD, PNRC, and other appropriate agencies.

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 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

4. Secretary of Social Welfare and Development extends relief assistance and

social services to the victims as necessary.

5. Secretary of Health provides health services during emergencies as

necessary, and organizes reaction teams in hospitals, clinics and sanitary and
other health institutions.

6. Director-General, NEDA responsible for the determination and analysis of

the effects of disasters and calamities on the socio-economic plans and
programs of the country, and development of damage assessment scheme.

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 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
7. Secretary of Labor and Employment provides emergency employment
opportunities to disaster victims, implements the industrial civil defense
programs and measures, and organizes and trains Disaster Control Groups in all
factories and industrial complexes.
8. Secretary of Education provides assistance in the public education and
campaign regarding disaster preparedness, prevention and mitigation, makes
available school buildings as evacuation centers, and organizes and trains
disaster control groups and reaction teams in all schools and institutions of
learning.
9. Secretary of Trade and Industry maintains normal level of prices of
commodities during emergencies, and organizes Disaster Control Groups and
Reaction Teams in large buildings used for commercial and recreational
purposes, maintains normal level of prices of commodities during emergencies.

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 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

10. Secretary of Agriculture undertakes surveys in disaster areas to determine

the extent of damage of agricultural crops, livestock and fisheries and renders
technical assistance to disaster victims whose crops or livestock have been
destroyed.
11. Secretary of Budget and Management releases funds required by the
departments for disaster operations.
12. Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources responsible for
reforestation and control of areas which tend to cause flooding, landslides,
mudflow and ground subsidence, provide seeds, seedlings and saplings and
technical assistance regarding mines, forests and lands, formulates rules and
regulations for the control of water and land pollution.

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 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
13. Secretary of Finance issues rules and regulations with the relevant
agencies concerned for the funding by local government of the requirements
for organizing, equipping, and training of their disaster coordinating councils
and reaction teams.

14. Secretary of Public Works and Highways restores destroyed public

structures such as flood control, waterworks, roads, bridges, and other vertical
and horizontal facilities/structures and provides heavy and light equipment for
relief, rescue and recovery operations.

15. Secretary of Tourism organizes and trains disaster control groups and
reaction teams in hotels, pension houses, restaurants and other tourist-oriented
facilities.

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 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

16. Secretary of Transportation and Communications restores destroyed

communication and transportation facilities such as railroads and vertical
structures, and organizes emergency transport services from the national down
to the barangay level; and restores destroyed communication and
transportation facilities such as railroads and vertical structures.

17. Director, Philippine Information Agency provides public information

service through dissemination of disaster mitigation measures.

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 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

18. Secretary-General, Philippine National Red Cross conducts disaster

leadership training courses, assists in the training of DCCs at all levels; and
assists in providing emergency relief assistance to disaster victims.

19. Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines responsible for the
provision of security in disaster area and provision of assistance in the
reconstruction of roads, bridges and other structures and transportation
facilities for rapid movement of relief supplies and personnel and for the
evacuation of disaster victims.

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 WHAT CAN YOU DO IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT?

In times of natural calamities or manmade disorders, the

youth should be willing and ready to render direct assistance
to calamity victims in any of the following areas:
Sorting, loading and distribution of relief goods
Administering first aid treatment on victims
Comforting and assisting in their rehabilitation
Disseminating information to concerned individual
Surveying of affected families and areas
Monitoring and liaisoning work

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Emergency And
Some First Aid
Procedures
First Aid
First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a
sudden illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the
condition from worsening, and/or promote recovery. It includes initial
intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help
being available, such as performing CPR while awaiting an ambulance,
as well as the complete treatment of minor conditions, such as applying
a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed by the layperson, with
many people trained in providing basic levels of first aid, and others
willing to do so from acquired knowledge. Mental health first aid is an
extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health.
The Key Objectives of A first aid
1. To preserve life.

2. To alleviate suffering.

3. To promote recovery.

4. To prevent aggravation of the injury or illness until veterinary

assistance can be obtained.
 Contents of A first aid
. 3.
kit and their functions

1. Plasters: Use plasters for small cuts and grazes

2. 2. Sterile pad: For more cushioning you can use a

sterile pad and hold it in place with sticky tape.
You could also use any clean, non-fluffy
material, like a cloth scarf.
3. Sterile wound dressing: A sterile wound
dressing is a sterile pad attached to a bandage.
These are for larger wounds to apply pressure to
help stop bleeding and are quick and easy to put
on in an emergency.
 Bandages
1. Roller bandages: Roller bandages are
long thin bandages rolled up. Use a
roller bandage to support joint injuries,
hold dressings in place, put pressure on
wounds to stop bleeding, and to reduce
swelling
2. Triangular bandages: Triangular
bandages are large triangular shaped
pieces of cloth. You can fold a triangular
bandage to use as either a bandage or
sling, or, if sterile, as a dressing for
large wounds and burns.
Protective Items
1. Disposable gloves: Using disposable
gloves reduces the risk of infection
between you and someone youre
helping. If theyre available, always wear
gloves whenever you dress wounds or
deal with any body fluids or waste
2. Face shields or pocket masks: These are
designed to prevent infection when you
give rescue breaths.
When there is an Emergency
Life-threatening emergencies require professional medical
assistance. If possible, ask a bystander to contact emergency
services. Useful information to have at hand includes:
Details of what happened.
Number of people injured.
Type of illness or injuries.
Whether or not person is breathing.
The exact address with landmarks if possible.
A contact phone number.
Do not hang up until the operator tells you to. He or she may
be able to guide you through first aid procedures if you are
unsure of what to do next.
Making the Scene safe
The cardinal rule of first aid is to ensure that you can give assistance without
endangering yourself.
Do not rush to the scene: walk slowly and steadily, looking around for
potential dangers and an overview of what has happened.
Be prepared to take charge unless someone more qualified than you is
present.
Identify dangers and remove them if it is safe to do so, but if you cannot
eliminate the danger, call for emergency help and advice and consider
whether the danger poses continuing risk to the injured person
If it does, assess whether you can safely move him or her. If in doubt, do not
approach the scene. Keep everybody else back and call for emergency help.
Accident Scene Safety
The first hour after an accident is called the Golden Hour physicians say
seriously injured car crash victims need to reach comprehensive medical care
within 60 minutes to ensure a good chance of survival. At the accident scene,
this scenario leaves about 12 minutes for rescuers to extricate the wounded
and speed them toward the hospital.
Sensitive, competent handling of victims in the immediate aftermath of
the accident can have a tremendous impact on both the victims subsequent
psychological recovery and on law enforcement efforts to solve the case.
When an accident occurs the most important objectives are the safety
of accident victims, emergency personnel and other road users.
Potential dangers on ensuring the safety of a scene
At the scene of an accident --- other cars, broken glass or metal, or an
unsteady crash vehicle.
Chemicals, fire, or electricity.
Aggressive behavior in those who maybe ill, hysterical, or as a result of drugs
or alcohol.
Sharp objects on the floor such as a knife or syringe.
TREATING THE INJURED OR ILL
If you can give first aid safely, your priorities are to maintain an open airway and
resuscitate if necessary to treat serious bleeding and to treat for shock. If faced
with several injured people, always approach the quietest first --- a person who
is shouting is at least able to maintain a clear airway. Determining what may be
wrong with an injured person is part of the treatment. To help you reach a
provisional diagnosis you need to consider:
1. What actually happened (from what you or the bystander has observed).
2. The signs (what you can see, hear, touch, or smell on the victim such as pale
skin, swelling, noisy breathing, or alcohol on the breath).
3. The symptoms (what the injured or ill persons tell you --- for example, he or
she feels dizzy or is in pain.
Important things to do when treating the injured or ill
As you approach the scene, your goal to gain as much information as possible
about the incident. Try and build a mental "picture" of the situation in your
head. Details you observe can help you care for your victim, especially if the
injury or illness is not obvious.
Look for Clues - Things that could help you determine the reason for the
patient's illness or injury may be obvious (such as an empty pill bottle between
the patients legs) or subtle (shellfish - which many people are allergic to - in
the victims food).
Get some History - If there are witnesses, ask them what's happened "Did you
see what happened here?" and gain information such as how long ago it
happened "How long have they been like this?", but be sure to start your
assessment and treatment of the victim simultaneous with your history
taking.
Important things to do when treating the injured or ill
Be sure to Listen - While working on a victim you may overhear information
from witnesses in the crowd. An example of this would be an old man falling
on the sidewalk, as you approach the scene you can hear someone say "He
was just walking and his legs went out from under him." But you may not see
the person saying this. Everything should be taken into account should no
witnesses want to become involved or you cannot ask questions. Note what is
said and continue treatment.
WHAT TO DO WHEN SOMEBODY HAS COLLAPSED
Facing situation where somebody has collapsed is frightening, particularly if it
is somebody you know. However, there are some very simple steps that you
can take to help you decide the best course of action, which in an emergency
could mean the difference between life and death.
CHECK THE SCENE
Is it safe for you to approach the person who collapsed? Do not become a
victim yourself. Check for dangers such as chemicals, electricity, or traffic.
If you can safely remove the danger, do so. If not, consider if you can safely
and easily move the person from danger, or whether you need to call for
additional help such as the fire services
CHECK THE RESPONSE
Is the person who has collapsed conscious?
Gently squeeze the shoulders and ask loudly, Are you all right?
Speak loudly and clearly.
Always assume there may be a neck injury and squeeze gently

The most important rule of first aid is never to put yourself in danger. Do not
rush to the scene; look around you to assess potential dangers. If in doubt, stay
back
For babies and young children
Do not squeeze the shoulders--- try to provoke a response by stroking the
cheek or the sole of the foot and speaking loudly.
IF THERE IS NO RESPONSE
If there is no response, the immediate danger is that the victim might be
unconscious and may have a blocked airway or be in need of resuscitation.
Shout for help.
If possible, leave the victim in the position in which you found him and open
the airway.
When it is not possible to carry out an assessment of the victim in the position
found, turn him onto his back and open the airway.
OPEN THE AIRWAY
Place one hand on the forehead and gently tilt the head back.
Remove any obvious obstructions from the victims mouth, including
dislodged dentures, but leave well-fitting dentures in place.
Place the fingertips of two fingers under the point of the victims chin and lift
the chin. If injury to the neck is suspected, handle the head very gently and try
to avoid tilting the head too much.
For a baby, use only one finger to lift the chin and take particular care not to
over tilt the head.
CHECK FOR BREATHING
Once the airway is open, the next priority is to check whether or not the person
is breathing. Keep the airway open with one hand on the forehead and one hand
lifting the chin. Put your cheek to the victims face and look down the chest.
LOOK for the movement of the chest and stomach.
LISTEN for breath sounds
FEEL for breathing on the side of your face.
If the victim is breathing, turn into the recovery position.
If the victim is not breathing
Call for emergency help.
If you have not already done so, make sure that an ambulance has been called.
Start resuscitation.
How to Perform CPR

1.CALL
Check the victim for unresponsiveness. If the person is not
responsive and not breathing or not breathing normally. Call 911
and return to the victim. If possible bring the phone next to the
person and place on speaker mode. In most locations the
emergency dispatcher can assist you with CPR instructions.

2. PUMP
If the victim is still not breathing normally, coughing or moving,
begin chest compressions. Push down in the center of the chest
2-2.4 inches 30 times. Pump hard and fast at the rate of 100-
120/minute, faster than once per second.
How to Perform CPR
3. BLOW
Tilt the head back and lift the chin. Pinch nose and cover the mouth with yours
and blow until you see the chest rise. Give 2 breaths. Each breath should take
1 second.
ABC RESUSCITATION
Airway Ensure a clear airway. Breathing Check breathing and provide rescue
breathing to the non-breathing person. Circulation Check that the person has
a good circulation and help them if their circulation has stopped or is
damaged.
HOW TO TREAT NOSEBLEEDS
Nosebleeds are very common among children and many start spontaneously. Unless
they are a direct result of an impact to the nose, the cause may not be known. Simple
treatment whereby the blood is encouraged to clot is usually effective. The priority is
to protect the victims airway and to try and prevent blood from being swallowed.
1. Lean the child forward and encourage her to spit blood into a handkerchief
or some other receptacle.
2. Pinch the childs nose just below the hard part at its top to and apply firm
pressure for 10 minutes (this is the amount of time it takes for a clot to
form). If the bleeding has not stopped after 10 minutes, apply pressure for
two further periods of 10 minutes. If bleeding continues then take the child
to hospital.
3. Once the bleeding has stopped, advice the child not to scratch, pick, or blow
her nose, not to drink hot liquid, and not to exert herself, because all these
activities can dislodge the clot and cause the bleeding to start again.