Animals are made up of cells

which are then organized to

form tissues; tissues are
group together to form
organs..
- Like plants , animals need nutrients in order to live but unlike
plants they cannot make their own food. In order to survive
animals must bring food to the body cells.
Invertebrates and vertebrates are the ways of digesting their food.

-Invertebrates can be classified as those having

gastrovascular cavities and those having alimentary
canals.
*Gastrovascular cavity a tube or cavity with only one opening ,
that serves as both mouth and anus.

Platyhelminthes Cnidarians
-flatworms -corals
-sea anemones
-jelly fish

* Alimentary canals (invertebrates) are consists of the mouth

, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestines, and anus.
- Animal digestion among the vertebrates begins in the mouth,
then moves though the pharynx, into the esophagus, into the
stomach, and then into the intestines.

Four Types of Vertebrates Digestive System

1. Monogastric
2. Avian
3. Ruminant
4. Pseudo-ruminant
 - Monogastric digestive system consists of a
single stomach chamber.

examples
Humans (omnivore)
Cats (carnivore)
Rabbits (herbivore)
 The first step in obtaining nutrition is
ingestion, a process where food is taken in
through the mouth and broken down by the
teeth and saliva. The breaking down of food in
the mouth is called mastication. The food must
go down the esophagus through peristalsis, in
order to absorbed the nutrients. Undigested
food enters the colon where water is reasorbed
into the body and excess waste is eliminated
through the anus.
- In an avian digestion system food enters through the mouth
without mastication.

examples

Birds

Chickens
 Foods enters through the mouth then
the esophagus, then to the crop where the
food is stored and soaked. Then enters the
proventriculus. It then enters the gizzard
where the food is mechanically ground
then passes through the small and large
intestines . The undigested food becomes
food pellets that are excreted as waste
through the cloaca.
- A ruminant digestive system is polygastric which means
that the stomach has multiple compartments the rumen,
reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.

examples
Cows

Sheep

Goats
 The rumen, the first and largest chamber; contains many
bacteria and microbes that promote fermentation and break
down the food.

The reticulum, second chamber; small pouch that traps

foreign materials which the ruminant animal may have
swallowed.

The omosum, third chamber; which grinds the food and

remove water from it..

The abomasum, fourth chamber; serves as the true stomach

in that functions similarly as the stomach of monogastric
aniamals.
 - Pseudo ruminants are similar to ruminants in that they
eat a lot of roughage, fiber, forages, and grains. They are
slightly different from ruminants, however in that their
stomach has three chambers the reticulum, omasum, and
abomasum..

examples
Camels
Horses
Rabbits
Guinea pigs
 - The respiratory system consists of organs that allow gas
exchange. It brings oxygen into the body cells and get rid off
carbon dioxide(cell waste product). Respiration occurs
through the respiratory organs of different animals, which
include skin, gills, tracheal system, and lungs.

Skin Gills Tracheal Lungs

System
Amphibians Fish Some insects Mammals

Earthworms Other aquatic

organism
 Some animals uses their skin to exchange gases
between the external environment and the
circulatory system due to the network of capillaries
that lie below the skin.
Fish uses their gills to take up oxygen dissolved in the
water and diffuse carbon dioxide out of the
bloodstream.
 Some insects utilize a
tracheal system that
transports oxygen from the
external environment
through openings called
spiracles. Spiracles are small
opening or tubes that caryy
oxygen to the entire body of
insects.
 In mammals the main organs for gas exchange are
the lungs. Air is drawn into and pushed out of the
lungs by the alternate inhalation and exhalation of
air or breathing.

During inhalation, air is pulled into the lungs, due

to increase in the lung volume the rib cage
expands.

During exhalation the rib cage gets smaller .