Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

COA

Chapter-1(Unit-i)
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

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LOGIC GATES
Inelectronics,alogic gateisanidealizedorphysicaldevice
implementingaBooleanfunction;thatis,itperformsalogical
operationononeormorelogicalinputs,andproducesa
singlelogicaloutput.
Logic Applications : LogicOperationsallowustomanipulate
individualbitsinwaysthatwecouldnotdootherwise.These
applicationsinclude:
selectiveset
selectivecomplement
selectclear
mask
insert
clear

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Logic Applications(contd..)

Selective-Set: Selective-setsetsto1thebitsinregisterA
wherethereisacorresponding1inregisterB:
1010ContentofAbefore
1100ContentofB(logicoperand)
RESULT:1110ContentofAafter
Thisisdoneusingthelogical-ORoperation.

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Logic Applications(contd..)

Selective Complement: Selective-complementcomplements

thebitsinregisterAwherethereisacorresponding1in
registerB:
1010ContentofAbefore
1100ContentofB(logicoperand)
0110ContentofAafter(RESULT)
Thisisdoneusingtheexclusive-ORoperation.

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Logic Applications(contd..)
Selective Clear: Selective-clearclearsto0thebitsin
registerAwherethereisacorresponding1inregisterB:
1010ContentofAbefore
1100ContentofB(logicoperand)
0010ContentofAafter(RESULT)
Thisisdoneusingthelogical-ANDoperationandB.

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Logic Applications(contd..)
Mask: Maskclearsto0thebitsinregisterAwherethere
isacorresponding0inregisterB:
1010ContentofAbefore
1100ContentofB(logicoperand)
1000ContentofAafter(RESULT)
Thisisdoneusingthelogical-ANDoperationandB.

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Logic Applications(contd..)
Insert: InsertinsertsanewvalueintoasetofbitsinregisterA.
Firstwemaskouttheupperfourbits(inour8-bitvalue):
01101010ContentofAbefore
00001111ContentofB(logicoperand)
00001010ContentofAafter(RESULT)
Inthesecondstep,weinsertthenewvalues:
00001010ContentofAbefore
10010000ContentofB(logicoperand)
10011010ContentofAafter(RESULT)
ThemaskingisdoneusinganANDandtheinsertionisdone
withanOR.

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Logic Applications(contd..)
Clear: ClearcomparesAandBandproducesall0sifthe
numbersareequal.thebitsinregisterAwherethereis
acorresponding0inregisterB:
1010ContentofAbefore
1010ContentofB(logicoperand)
0000AAB(RESULT)
IfA&Bareboth1orboth0,thisproduces0.Thisisdone
usingthelogical-ANDoperationandB.

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Difference between Harvard and Von Neumann compute

r architectures
Von Neumann Architecture:
Thecomputerhassinglestoragesystem(memory)forstoring
dataaswellasprogramtobeexecuted.
Processorneedstwoclockcyclestocompleteaninstruction.
Inthefirstclockcycletheprocessorgetstheinstructionfrom
memoryanddecodesit.Inthenextclockcycletherequired
dataistakenfrommemory.Foreachinstructionthiscycle
repeatsandhenceneedstwocyclestocompletean
instruction.

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Difference between Harvard and Von Neumann compute

r architectures
Harvard Architecture:
Thecomputerhastwoseparatememoriesforstoringdata
andprogram.
Processorcancompleteaninstructioninonecycleif
appropriatepipeliningstrategiesareimplemented.
Inthefirststageofpipelinetheinstructiontobeexecuted
canbetakenfromprogrammemory.Inthesecondstageof
pipelinedataistakenfromthedatamemoryusingthe
decodedinstructionoraddress.

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SOME DEFINITIONS
MACROasingleinstructionthatexpandsautomatically
intoasetofinstructionstoperformaparticulartask.
Pseudo Instructionsarespecialcommandstothe
assembleraboutthepositioningoftheprogram,the
addresstheprogramshouldpresumedtobeassembled
at,thenameofthemodule,datadeclarations,thetitle
andprintingoptionsfortheprogram,definingandcalling
macros,macroloopingandtest,andendofsourcecode.
Unlessamachineinstructionisissued,thesedonot
generateexecutablecode.

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MICRO-OPERATIONS
Incomputercentralprocessingunits,micro-operations(also
knownasamicro-opsorops)aredetailedlow-level
instructionsusedinsomedesignstoimplementcomplex
machineinstructions.
Usually,micro-operationsperformbasicoperationsondata
storedinoneormoreregisters,includingtransferringdata
betweenregistersorbetweenregistersandexternalbusesof
thecentralprocessingunit(CPU),andperformingarithmetic
orlogicaloperationsonregisters.

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MICROPROCESSOR
Amicroprocessorisacomputerprocessorwhich
incorporatesthefunctionsofacomputer's
centralprocessingunit(CPU)onasingle
integratedcircuit(IC),[1]oratmostafewintegrated
circuits.[2]Themicroprocessorisamultipurpose,clock
driven,registerbased,digital-integratedcircuitwhich
acceptsbinarydataasinput,processesitaccordingto
instructionsstoredinitsmemory,andprovidesresultsas
output.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LATCH AND FLIP-FLOP

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Thank you

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