h e o ri t ca l

i ca l a n d T
os op h
Phyl e w o rk
Fram

Non
Poss
itv ism R
esea
rch M
etho
d
By:
Goal
Research
Definiton Research
Study/ Research
Non Possitve Research
Philosophical Assumptons
Non Positve Research Flow Chart
 Philosophical Assumptons

Burrell and Morgan in Mulyana (2011)

 Onthology
The basic question of ontology emphasis on
whether "reality" studied objectively or "reality" is
the product of individual cognitive.
realism (which assume that the social world
exists independently of individual appreciation)
nominalism (which assume that the social world
that are beyond the individual's cognitive comes
from just the name, concept and labels used to
construct reality).
 Epistemology
the assumption of the basis of knowledge (grounds of
knowledge) of how people begin to understand the world
and communicate it as knowledge to others.
positivism (which seeks to explain and predict what will
happen to the social world by searching habits and the
causal relationship between the elements of the principal)
antipositivism (against search rules or customs of goods in
world affairs socially found social world can only be
understood from the perspective of individuals who are
directly involved in the activities studied).
 Human Nature
Assumptions about the relationship between
humans and their environment.
determinism (which assume that human
beings and their activities determined by the
situation or the environment in which they are
settled)
voluntarism (which assumes that people
autonomous andfree-willed).
 Methodology
assumptions about how someone tried to investigate and got the
"knowledge" of the social world.
nomotetik (basing research on techniques and a systematic
procedure, using methods and approaches contained in the
natural sciences or natural sciences that focuses on the process
of hypothesis testing in accordance with the norms of scientific
rigor)
ideographic (who based the study on the view that one can only
understand the social world with firsthand knowledge of the
subject under study, allowing the subjectivity of someone
growing in the nature and characteristics during the research
process).
 Phylosophical Asumptons With Implicatons For Practce (Creshwell and John W, 2007)

Assumptons Queston Characteristcs Implicatons of practce (examples)

Onthological What is the Reality is subjective and researchers used quotes and themes in the words
nature of diverse, as seen by the of the participants and provide evidence of a
reality? participants in the study different perspective
Epistemological is the Researchers are trying to researchers collaborate to spend time in the field
relationship reduce the distance with the participants and "insiders"
between between itself and the
researcher and study
researched?
Axiological What is the role researchers acknowledge Researchers openly discuss the values that form
of values? that the study is worth full the narrative and including their interpretation and
and that bias exists their relationship with participants
Rhetorical What is the Researchers writing style researchers using attractive style of narrative, can
language of informal literary work use first person pronouns and use the language in
research? using personal voice and a qualitative study presented
using qualitative terms and
definitions are limited
Methodological How is the Researchers using researchers working with special (details) before
research inductive logic, studying generalizable, describes in detail the contents of
process? the topic in context by the study and gradually revise the questons of
using a design emerging experience in the field
Theoretcal Framework

Interpretve Paradigm

Critcal Paradigm

Postmodernist
Paradigm
 Interpretve Paradigm
Burrel and Morgan (1979)

Interpretve informed by a concern to understand the world as it is To understand the

fundamental attitude of the social world at the level of subjective experience. It was
seeking clarification on the territory of individual consciousness and subjectivity. In the
frame of reference of participants as opposed to observers action

Mulyana (2011)

is based on the belief that individuals (humans) are creatures that are socially and
symbolic form and maintain their own reality.

According Us

an interpretve paradigm thinking concept oriented towards an understanding of what

their social world from the standpoint of the individuals involved in it. So in essence
this paradigm sought to uncover how social reality is formed and maintained by certain
individuals and how they interpret it
 Critcal Paradigm/
Radical Humanis Paradigm
Burrel and Morgan (1979)

that is based on a radical change of sociology developmnet of subjectvist view that rests on
human consciousness. view an important base for radical humanist is that human
consciousness has been controlled or shackled by an ideological super-structure outside itself
that creates a barrier between himself with pure consciousness

Mulyana (2011)

a more critcal approach aims to fight for the ideas of researchers in order to bring
substantal changes to the community.

According Us

Similar with interpretve paradigm to but more to be critcal and evaluatve. The concept of
thinking based on the alignments of values above a certain interest so requires a person's
subjective nature which is an instinctive bias arising from an individual. This approach thus
aims to fight for the ideas of researchers in order to bring substantial change in society
towards believed to be better. So this paradigm seeks to scrutinize and explain why social
reality is shaped and ask for reasons or interests of what lies behind the formation of the social
reality
 Post Modernist Paradigm/
Radical Structuralist Paradigm
Burrel and Morgan (1979)

committed to radical change, emancipaton, and the potental, in the analysis which
emphasizes structural conflict, the modes of dominaton, contradictons and shortcomings.

Mulyana (2011)

is based on the knowledge search model (modeof inquiry) which nature of critcal,
dialectcal and historical

According Us

a formulaton of the theory which is based on the model of the search for
knowledge(modeof inquiry) which nature of critcal, dialectcal and historical aims to
understand, explain, critcize and act on the basis of structural mechanisms contained in the
world of social or organizatonal objectves
the theory development process is done through an argument with historical evidence that
there is a certain dominance has to be changed in the structure of society or organizaton
 Research Process
1. Define research topics, views about, themselves and others, and ethical and politcal issues.
Researcher thinking about what they bring to the research, a view of themselves and others, and the
ethical and political issues. researchers often skip this phase, therefore it is considered important
fatherly attention and is positioned in the first stages of the research process

2. Define certain theories, paradigms, and perspectves into his research. Researchers brought into
the study of various theories, paradigms and perspectives, for a "basic beliefs that guide action" (Guba,
1990, p. 17). In this phase, researchers found the philosophical and theoretical framework to be
discussed.

3. Determining the research strategy used. Researchers chose a wide variety of research strategies
that will be used

4. Determining the methods of collectng and analyzing the data proceed with the interpretaton.
Researchers will engage with the various methods of data collection and analysis.
5.evaluaton of the data Continued from previous phase where researchers will conduct the
interpretation and evaluation of data