MECH4450 Introduction to Finite

Element Methods

Finite Element Analysis of Plane Elasticity

 Review of Linear Elasticity
Linear Elasticity: A theory to predict mechanical response
of an elastic body under a general loading condition.
Stress: measurement of force intensity

= = lim
0

= lim
0

= lim
0

xx xy xz xy yx
yx yy
yz with yz zy
zx zy zz xz zx

 Review of Linear Elasticity
Linear Elasticity: A theory to predict mechanical response
of an elastic body under a general loading condition.
Stress: measurement of force intensity

2-D
tyx

txy txy xx xy
x
yx yy
tyx
y
 Review of Linear Elasticity
Traction (surface force) :
t t x xx nx xy n y
t y xy nx yy n y

Equilibrium Newtons Law

F 0
xx xy xx xy
fx 0 f x ux
x y x y
yx yy yx yy
fy 0 f y uy
x y x y
Static Dynamic
 Review of Linear Elasticity
Strain: measurement of intensity of deformation

u 1 1 ux u y u y
xx x xy xy yy
x 2 2 y x y

Generalized Hookes Law

xx yy zz xx e 2G xx
xx
E E E
xx yy zz yy e 2G yy
yy
E E E zz e 2G zz
xx yy zz
zz
E

E

E
e xx yy zz

t xy G xy t yz G yz t zx G zx
E
E
G 1 1 2
21
 Plane Stress
Definition: Only x and y faces are subject to stresses, and all
stresses are parallel to the x and y axes.

z t xz t yz 0

Example: Thin plate under in-plane loading

 Plane Stress
Plane Stress - Thin Plate:
Conditions: (1) in plane loading (2) thickness is much smaller than lateral dimensions
= 0, = 0 and = 0 = 0, = 0

Hookes law: = 2G + + + =0
1 2
1 2
= + + + = +
1 1
1 2
= 2G + + = +
1 2 1 1 2
1 2

Similarly = +
1 2 1 2
E E
x C 11 0 x 0
C 12 x 1 2 1 2 x

y C 12 C 22 0 y E
y
E
0 y

t 1 1 2
2
t 0 C 33 xy
xy 0 xy 0 E xy
0
21
 Plane Strain
Plane Strain - Thick Plate:
Conditions: (1) in plane loading (2) thickness is much larger than lateral dimensions
= 0, = 0 and = 0 = 0, = 0

Hookes law: = 2G + + + = +
1 2 1 + 1 2
1
= 2G + + = +
1 2 1 2 1 + 1 2 1 +

1
= +
1 2 1 + 1 2 1 +

1 E E
0
x C 11 C 12 0 x x 1 1 2 1 1 2 x

0 y E 1 E 0 y

y C 12 C 22 y
t 0 C 33 xy t 1 1 2 1 1 2
xy 0 xy E xy
0 0
21

and by
Plane Stress: E
Plane Strain: Replace E by 1 2 1
 Equations of Plane Elasticity
Governing Equations
(Static Equilibrium
and no body force) Strain-Deformation
Constitutive Relation (Small Deformation)
x t xy
(Linear Elasticity) 0
x y u v
x C 11 0 x x y
C 12
t xy y x y

y C 12 C 22 0 y 0 v u
t 0 x y xy
xy 0 C 33 xy x y

u v u v
C 11 C 12 C 33 C 33 0
x x y y y x

u v u v
C 33 C 33 C 12 C 22 0
x y x y x y
Specification of Boundary Conditions

EBC: Specify u(x,y) and/or v(x,y) on G

NBC: Specify tx and/or ty on G

where T (s) t x i t y j ; t x xx nx xy ny ; t y yx nx yy ny
is the traction on the boundary G at the segment ds.
 Weak Formulation for Plane Elasticity
u v u v
0 w1 C 11 C 12 C 33 C 33 dxdy
x x y y y x

u v u v
0 w 2 C 33 C 33 C 12 C 22 dxdy
x y x y x y
w1 u v w1 u v
0 C 11 C 12 C 33 dxdy w1 t x ds
x x y y y x G

w 2 u v w 2 u v
0 C 33 C 12 C 22 dxdy w 2 t y ds
x y x y x y G

u v u v

t x C 11 C 12 n x C 33 n y

x y y x are components of
where traction on the
t C u v n C u C v n boundary G
33 x 12 x y
y y x
22
y
Finite Element Formulation for Plane Elasticity
n
1
u( x , y ) j ( x , y )u j
n n

j 1


Fi
j 1
K 11
ij u j
j 1
K 12
ij vj
Let n n n
v ( x , y ) j ( x , y )v j Fi K ij u j K ij22v j
2 21

j 1 j 1 j 1

11 i j i j
K ij C 11 C 33 dxdy
x x y y
12 i j j
where ij 12
K C C 33 i dxdy K 21
x y y x
ji

22 i j i j
K ij C 33 C 22 dxdy
x x y y
1
Fi i t x ds i f x dxdy

G
and
F 2 t ds f dxdy
i G i y i y


Constant-Strain Triangular (CST) Element for Plane
Stress Analysis
v2 , F2 y

u2 , F2 x
v3 , F3 y

v1 , F1 y
u3 , F3 x
u1, F1x

u( x, y ) c1 c2 x c3 y 1u1 2u2 3u3

Let
v( x, y ) c5 c6 x c7 y 1v1 2v2 3v3

x2 y3 x3 y2 x3 y1 x1 y3 x1 y2 x2 y1
1 x y 1 x y y y 3
1 x y
1 y2 y3 2 3 1 y1 y2
2 Ae 2 Ae 2 Ae x x
x x x x 2 1
3 2 1 3
 Constant-Strain Triangular (CST) Element for Plane
Stress Analysis

k11 k12 k13 k14 k15 k16 u1 F1x

k k22 k23 k24 k25 k26 v1 F1 y
21
1 k31 k32 k33 k34 k35 k36 u2 F2 x
F
4 Ae k41 k42 k43 k44 k45 k46 v2 2 y
k51 k52 k53 k54 k55 k56 u3 F3 x

k61 k62 k63 k64 k65 k66 v3 F3 y

k11 c11 y2 y3 c33 x3 x2 ; k21 c12 y2 y3 x3 x2 c33 y2 y3 ; k 22 c22 x3 x2 c33 y 2 y3

2 2 2 2 2

k31 c11 y3 y1 y2 y3 c33 x1 x3 x3 x2 ; k32 c12 y3 y1 x3 x2 c33 x1 x3 x3 x2 ; k33 c11 y3 y1 c33 x1 x3

2 2

k41 c12 y2 y3 c33 x1 x3 x3 x2 ; k42 c22 x1 x3 x3 x2 c33 y2 y3 y3 y1 ; k 43 c12 x1 x3 y3 y1 c33 x1 x3

2

k44 c22 x1 x3 c33 y3 y1 ; k51 c11 y1 y2 y2 y3 c33 x2 x1 x3 x2 ; k52 c12 y1 y2 c33 x2 x1 x3 x2

2 2

k53 c11 y1 y2 y3 y1 c33 x2 x1 x1 x3 ; k54 c12 y1 y2 x1 x3 c33 x2 x1 x1 x3 ; k55 c11 y1 y2 c33 x2 x1

2 2

k61 c12 y2 y3 c33 x2 x1 x3 x2 k62 c22 x2 x1 x3 x2 c33 y1 y2 y2 y3 k 63 c12 y3 y1 c33 x2 x1 x1 x3

k64 c22 x1 x3 x2 x1 c33 y1 y2 y3 y1 k65 c12 y1 y2 x2 x1 c33 x2 x1 k66 c22 x2 x1 c33 y1 y2
2 2 2
4-Node Rectangular Element for Plane Stress Analysis

u( x , y ) c1 c2 x c3 y c4 xy 1 u1 2 u2 3 u3 4 u4
Let v( x , y ) c c x c y c xy v v v v
5 6 7 8 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

x y x y
1 1 1 2 1
a b a b
x y x y
3 4 1
a b ab
4-Node Rectangular Element for Plane Stress Analysis

E
For Plane Strain Analysis: E and
1 2 1
Loading Conditions for Plane Stress Analysis

B
A

1 n 11 n 1
i ij j ij v j
Fi i t x ds i f x dxdy
12
F K u K
j 1 j 1 G

F 2 t ds f dxdy
n n
Fi K ij u j K ij22v j
2 21

j 1 j 1 i G i y i y


 Evaluation of Applied Nodal Forces
y

= 8
=
A
x
Fi1 i t x ds
G
x y y
2

F
b
F ( A)
x2 2
1 ( A)
2t x ds 1 o 1 tdy
G
0 a b 16

8 y y 2 8 y y2 y3
1 1000 1 0.1 dy 100 1 2
8
Fx(2A) 2
dy 383.3
0 8
8
16 0
8 16 8 16

x y y
2

Fx(3A) F
b
3
1 ( A)
3t x ds o 1 tdy
G
0 a b 16
8 y y 2 8 y y3
1000 1 0.1 dy 100
8
F( A)
2
dy 350

x3
0 8 8

16 0
8 8 16
 Evaluation of Applied Nodal Forces
y

= 8
= 8
B
x

x y y 8
2

Fx(2B ) F
b
2
1 (B)
2t x ds 1 o 1 tdy
G
0 a b 16

8 y y 8 2 8 3 5 y y2 y3
0.1 dy 100 0
8
Fx(2B ) 1 1000 1 2 2
dy 216.7
0 8
8 16 4 32 16 8 16

x y y 8
2

F
b
F (B)
x3 3
1 ( B)
3t x ds o 1 tdy
G
0 a b 16
8 y y 8 2 8 3 y 2 y2 y3
0.1 dy 1000
8
F ( B)
1000 1 2 2
dy 116.7
8 16
x3
0 8 8
16 32 16
 Element Assembly for Plane Elasticity
(B) (B)
Fx 1 u3
F v
y1 3
5 6 Fx 2 u4

F y2 v 4

B
Fx 4 u5
F y4 v5

3 Fx 3 u6
4
Fy v6
3
( A) ( A)
Fx 1 u1
F v
3 4 y1 1
Fx 2 u2

F y2 v 2
A

Fx 4 u3
F y4 v 3
1 2

Fx 3 u4
Fy v 4
3
Element Assembly for Plane Elasticity
5 6

B
3 4
A
1 2
Fx(1A ) 0 0 0 0 u1

F y(1A ) 0 0 0 0 v1
Fx(2A ) 0 0 0 0 u2


( A)
F y2 0 0 0 0 v 2
F ( A ) F ( B ) u3
x(4A ) x1

F y 4 F y1 v 3
(B)

( A) ( B )

F
x3 F x2 u4

F y( A ) F y( B ) v 4
3 (B) 2
Fx 4 0 0 0 0 u5

F y(4B ) 0 0 0 0 v5
u

(B)
Fx 3 0 0 0 0 6
F y(3B ) 0
0 0 0 v6
 Imposing Boundary Conditions
5 6

B
3 4
A
1 2
0
Fx(1 A) 0 0 0 0
0
F ( A)
0 0 0 0
y1 u2
383.3 0 0 0 0
0
F ( A)
0 0 0 0
y 2 0
Fx( A) Fx( B )
4 1
v
0 3

566.7 u4

0 v4

F (B)
0 0 0 0 0
x4

0 0 0 0 0 v5

116.7 0 0 0 0 u
6
0
0 0 0 0
v6
Comparison of Applied Nodal Forces
 Discussion on Boundary Conditions

Must have sufficient EBCs to suppress rigid body

translation and rotation
For higher order elements, the mid side nodes cannot be
skipped while applying EBCs/NBCs
 Plane Stress Example 2

7 6 5
Find force at global node 5
1 2
1 3
1 2 3 4

4
= cos =
Need to decompose traction : 5
3
= sin =
5
(2) (3) (3) (3)
5 = 5 + 5 = 5 = 3 ds
45
(3)
(3)
5 = 3 ds 5 = 3 ds
45 45
Plane Stress Example 3
 Evaluation of Strains

x y x y
1 1 1 2 1
a b a b
x y x y
3 4 1
a b ab

u( x , y ) 1 u1 2 u2 3 u3 4 u4

v( x , y ) 1v1 2 v 2 3 v 3 4 v4

u
4

j
uj
x x j 1 x
v 4 j

y
y

y
v j
j 1
xy u v 4 j j

y x uj v j
j 1 y x
 Evaluation of Stresses
u1
v
1 y 1 y y y 1
a 1 b 0 1 0 0 0 u2
x a b ab ab
1 x x x 1 x v 2

y 0 1 0 0 0 1
b a ab ab b a u3
xy
1 x 1
1 1 y x 1 y x y 1 x y v3
1 1
b a a b ab a b ab ab b a ab u
4
v
4
Plane Stress Analysis Plane Strain Analysis

E E 1 E E
0 0
x 1 2 1 2 x x 1 1 2 1 1 2 x
E E
0 y
E 1 E 0 y

y y
t 1 1 2 t 1 1 2 1 1 2
2

xy 0 E xy xy E xy
0
21
0 0
21