CCIE

IPv4 Multicast Overview

DINESH JANGID A+, N+, CCNA, CCNP, CCIE

Write to me @ Dinesh@networkinginfo.in

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 Objectives

Resources of Multicast

Introduction of Multicast

Why Multicast?

Components of Multicast

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 Resources of Multicast

Recommended Books
Routing TCP/IP Volume 2
Inter domain Multicast routing
Online cisco documentation

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 Introduction of Multicast

Multicast is traffic reducing technology that transmits data to a group of

destination simultaneously
One to Many transmission

Where do we use it?

Video conferencing, IPTV, Distance learning, News, Data center application,
Real time application (Stock tickers)

Why use Multicast?

Enhanced Efficiency
Optimized performance
Distributed Applications
Sender doesnt care who the receivers are

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 Multicast saves resources

Single data feed generated by source for all interested recipients

Single forwarding decision for all the recipients
No traffic to uninterested hosts

Disadvantage of Multicast
It is UDP based
Some times duplicate packets
No acknowledgement
Out of order packets
No congestion avoidance

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 How Multicast Works

Source app sends UDP multicast stream to a destination group

Interested host asks neighbor router that they want to join a multicast
group
Routers looks up the table and create loop free tree between sender and
receiver
Rest network hosts who are not interested they will not receive the traffic

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 Multicast Components

Three main components

Addressing
Layer 2 addressing
Layer 3 addressing

Control Plan
PIM, MSDP, IGMP, MBGP

Data Plane
RPF (Reverse path forwarding)
MRIB/MFIB (Multicast routing table)

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 IPv4 L3 Multicast Addressing

Multicast uses Class D addresses

224.0.0.0/4 (224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255)

Link-Local addresses
224.0.0.0/24 (224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255)

Source Specific Multicast

232.0.0.0/8 (232.0.0.0 - 232.255.255.255)

GLOP
233.x.x.0/24 per as number (RFC2770)

Administratively Scoped
239.0.0.0/8 (239.0.0.0 239.255.255.255)
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 IPv4 L2 Multicast Addressing

The destination multicast IP maps to a multicast MAC address

Multicast MAC address is derived from IP multicast address
MAC address range is 01-00-5E-00-00-00 to 01-00-5E-7F-FF-FF

First 24+1=25 bits are fixed

Last 23 bits are mapped from IPv4 address

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 IPv4 L2 Multicast Address Conversion

Conversion shortcut
Convert IPv4 2nd octet to binary
Set the first bit to 0
Convert to Hex
3rd and 4th octets convert directly to hex

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 IPv4 L2 Multicast Address Conversion

Convert 224.192.255.30 to a multicast MAC address

224 | 192 | 255 | 30

1110 0000 1100 0000 1111 1111 0001 1110

01-00-5E First 3 bytes

25th bit 0 0100 0000 1111 1111 0001 1110
0100 0000 1111 1111 0001 1110
01-00-5E- 4 0 - F(15) F - 1 E(14)

01-00-5E-40-FF-1E

Copyright 2017 Networking Info. All rights reserved. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 11
 IPv4 L2 Multicast Address Conversion

Convert 224.0.9.45 to a multicast MAC address

224 | 0 | 9 | 45

1110 0000 0000 0000 0000 1001 0010 1101

01-00-5E First 3 bytes

25th bit 0 0000 0000 0000 1001 0010 1101

0000 0000 0000 1001 0010 1101

01-00-5E- 0 0 - 0 9 - 2 D(13)

01-00-5E-00-09-2D
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 Multicast Control Plane

Control plane is used to determine...

Sender and to what group
Receiver and for what group
How traffic would be treated and forwarded and this is done by multicast
tree

Control plane is combination of.

IGMP (Host to Router communication)
PIM and MSDP (Router to Router communication

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 Multicast Control Plane (IGMP)

Internet Group Management Protocol used by receiver to signal on the LAN

that it wants traffic for a specific group

Three versions
IGMPv1 (RFC1112)
IGMPv2 (RFC2236)
IGMPv3 (RFC3337)

Protocol number - 2

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 IGMPv1

Uses two types of messages to signal group membership

Three versions
Host membership report (224.0.0.2)
Host membership query (224.0.0.1)

Report is used by host to join a group

Query is used by router to see
if member of the group still exist
No immediate leave message in IGMPv1
Timeout is every 60 sec

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 IGMPv2

Enhances IGMPv1
Timer adjustment Speed up query response timeouts
Querier election based on PR or Lowest IP on the segment
Group specific query (235.0.0.1) Query is sent to specific group instead of all
multicast hosts
Leave announcement Tells the Querier not to feed host for specific group
General query (224.0.0.1) timeout is every 120 sec

Membership report to
224.0.0.2

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 IGMPv2

Membership
Leave msg to
report to
224.0.0.2
224.0.0.2

Group-specific Query
224.1.1.1

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 IGMPv3

Next step in the evolution of IGMP

Supports Source specific Multicast (SSM)
IGMPv1/v2 supports group specific joins (*,G)join
IGMPv3 Supports source specific joins (S,G)

Receiver already knows about the sender

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 Multicast Control Plane (PIM)

It is multicast routing protocol

Used to make loop free tree from sender to receiver
It works on top of IGP/EGP
Two modes
1. Dense-mode
2. Sparse-Mode (Recommended)
Two versions
1. PIMv1
2. PIMv2
Protocol number 103
Routers uses PIM neighbor discovery mechanism to establish PIM neighbor
using hello message to 224.0.0.13
1. Hello interval every 30 sec.
2. Hold down 105 sec.
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 PIM Modes

Dense Mode
Multicast traffic is flooded throughout the network even some hosts dont
want it
Implicit join
Flood & Prune behavior

Sparse Mode
No traffic unless you ask for it
Uses a central point (Rendezvous Point) to control the tree
Explicit join

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 Multicast Data Plane

Once the tree is built from sender to receiver traffic starts flowing
PIM doesnt advertise the topology and cant guarantee that network is loop
free
Loop can occur in data plane.
RPF (Reverse path forwarding check) is done on the interface to check was
traffic received on the correct interface
Multicast Routing table (What interface should I forward the packet out?

151.10.3.21 224.1.1.1

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 THANKS Q&A

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