Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
STRUCTURALISM
Presenters name:
Educational psychology :
called as structuralism.
Example:
An example of structuralism is describing an apple. An apple is crisp,
sweet, juicy, round, and hard. Another example of structuralism is
describing your experience at the ocean by saying it is windy, salty,
and cold, but rejuvenating.
Titchener was extremely interested in attention, and he
differentiated between primary attention, which is
involuntary, and secondary attention, which is voluntarily
focused.
He emphasized the importance of association, but he
maintained that contiguity is the only law of association.
Titchener suggested that the study of association must
involve careful introspection of impressions made by the
stimuli, he emphasized association by contiguity, and he
argued for the importance of studying the physiology of
association.
Titcheners context theory proposed how the meaningless
sensation is given meaning in the form of perceptions.
Titchener distinguished between emotion and affect, which
may be nothing more than sensations of pleasantness or
unpleasantness.
Titchener believed that the goal of psychology was to study
mind and consciousness. He defined consciousness as the
sum total of mental experience at any given moment, and
the mind as the accumulated experience of a lifetime. He
believed that he could understand reasoning and the
structure of the mind if he could define and categorize the
basic components of mind and the rules by which the
components interacted.
Interaction of elements OF Mind:
Titchener's theory of structuralism arises the
question how the mental elements combined and
interacted with each other to form conscious
experience. His conclusions were largely based
on ideas of associationism. In particular, Titchener
focuses on the law of contiguity, which is the idea
that the thought of something will tend to cause
thoughts of things that are usually experienced
along with it.
Wundt emphasize the study of
consciousness and its components:
Consciousness:
The normal state of being awake and able to
understand what is happening around you, it
represents a persons mind and thoughts .It is the
totality in psychology of sensations, perceptions,
ideas, attitudes, and feelings of which an individual
or a group is aware at any given time or within a
given time span .Your conscious experiences are
constantly shifting and changing.
Sensation:
Sensation refers to sensing our environment through
touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell (the 5 senses).
Sensation is something you feel.
Perception:
Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and
therefore make sense of everything around us. Perception
occurs when your brain gets involved, and you assimilate
what you sense into an experience. perception is something
you see.
Sensation couldn't exist without perception and
perception couldn't exist without sensation. They're
not the same but they're related. e.g ,you can feel the
piece of paper and you can see it
Thoughts:
Thought can refer to the ideas or arrangements of ideas that result
from thinking, the act of producing thoughts, or the process of
producing thoughts. Despite the fact that thought is a fundamental
human activity familiar to everyone, there is no generally accepted
agreement as to what thought is or how it is created.
Ideas:
A thought or collection of thoughts that generate in the mind. An idea
is usually generated with intent, but can also be created
unintentionally. Ideas often form during brainstorming sessions or
through discussions.
Emotions:
A mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through
conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes.
It is a conscious mental reaction (as anger or fear) subjectively
experienced as strong feeling usually directed toward a specific object
and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in
the body.
Introspection method:
Introspection is examination of one s own conscious
thoughts and feelings.
In psychology , the process of introspection relies
exclusively on observation of one's mental state, while in
a spiritual context, it may refer to the examination of
one's soul. Introspection is closely related to human self-
reflection and is contrasted with external observation.