Networking model

NETWORKING MODELS

The most common networking models are :

OSI Reference Model
TCP/IP
 OSI(open system interconnection)

In the late 1980s and early 1990s there was a

significant increase in the number and overall size
of networks.

the International Standardization Organization

(ISO) researched many network schemes. The
ISO recognized that there was a need to create a
network model that would help network builders
implement networks that could communicate and
work together
 OSI
The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a model for
understanding and designing a network
architecture that is flexible, robust, and
interoperable.
network. In the OSI reference model, there
are seven numbered layers.
The OSI reference model is help you to
understand how information travels throughout a
network
 7 Layers
7. Application Layer
All
6. Presentation Layer People
5. Session Layer Seem
4. Transport Layer To
3. Network Layer Need
Data
2. Data Link Layer
Processing
1. Physical Layer
 OSI MODEL Advantage
1. It breaks network communication
into smaller parts to make learning it
easier to understand.

2. It standardizes network
components to allow multiple-vendor
development and support.
 Advantage.
3. It allows different types of network
hardware and software to communicate
with each other.
4. It prevents changes in one layer from
affecting the other layers, so that they can
develop more quickly
 LAYER 7 The APPLICATION Layer
The top layer of the OSI model
Application layer is responsible for providing
networking services to user.
Examples of application layer are applications such
as file transfer, mail, remote login etc.
It is used several protocols :www, telnet,ftp(file
transfer protocol),smtp(simple mail transfer
protocol),http.
 The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
 LAYER 6 The PRESENTATION Layer

Functions

Translation Compression Encryption

(translation): The information should be changed to bit
streams before being transmitted. Because different
computers use different encoding systems, the
presentation layer is responsible for interoperability
between these different encoding methods. The
presentation layer at the sender changes the information
from its sender-dependent format into a common format.
The presentation layer at the receiving machine changes
the common format into its receiver-dependent format.
 (encryption)The process of transforming
information (plaintext) using an algorithm (called
cipher) to make it unreadable to anyone except
those possessing special knowledge, usually
referred to as a key.
(compression) The goal of data compression is to
represent an information source (a data file, an
image) as accurately as possible using the fewest
number of bits
 The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
 LAYER 5 The SESSION Layer
Dialog control:
Synchronization: The session layer allows a process to add

checkpoints (synchronization points) into a stream of

data. For example, if a system is sending a file of 2,000

pages, it is advisable to insert checkpoints after every 100

pages to ensure that each 100-page unit is received and

acknowledged independently. In this case, if a crash

happens during the transmission of page 523, the only

pages that need to be resent after system recovery are

pages 501 to 523. Pages previous to 501 need not be

resent.
 The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
 -6-Transport layer

Adding Port Number

L.Krist NVCC 18
Service-point addressing: Computers often run
several programs at the same time ; adding port
number to each process.
Segmentation and reassembly: A message is divided
into transmittable segments, with each segment containing
a sequence number. These numbers enable the transport
layer to reassemble the message correctly upon arriving at
the destination and to identify and replace packets that were
lost in transmission.
Connection control. The transport layer can be either connectionless or
connection oriented.
Flow control:

Error control: Like the data link layer, the

transport layer is responsible for error control. The
sending transport layer makes sure that the entire
message arrives at the receiving transport layer
without error (damage, loss, or duplication). Error
correction is usually achieved through retransmission.
 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
 LAYER 3 The NETWORK Layer

The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination

delivery of a packet,
possibly across multiple networks (links).Logical addressing & Path
determination (Routing) are described at this layer.
The protocols works at Network layer are
Routed Protocols:
Routed protocols acts as data carriers and defines logical
addressing.
IP, IPX, AppleTalk... Etc
Routing Protocols:
Routing protocols performs Path determination (Routing).
RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF.. Etc
Devices works at Network Layer are Router, Multilayer switch etc..
Network layer

Ip address segment1 TCP

Network layer
 The network layer is responsible for Host to Host Delivery or
source to destination delivery
LAYER 2 The DATA LINK Layer
 Data link layer
Framing. The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the
network
layer into manageable data units called frames.
Physical addressing. If frames are to be distributed to different systems on
the network, the data link layer adds a header to the frame to define the sender
and/or receiver of the frame. If the frame is intended for a system outside the
senders network, the receiver address is the address of the connecting device
that connects the network to the next one.
Flow , error and access control

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 The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
 LAYER 1 The PHYSICAL Layer

Converts bits into electronic signals for outgoing messages

Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming messages
This layer manages the interface between the computer and the
network medium (coaxial , twisted pair, etc.)
The bottom layer of the OSI model
The name implies the layer that defines the nature of the network
hardware elements. Such as what medium the network uses, how the
network installed network topology and the nature of the signals used to
transmit data over the network
The other communication element found at the physical layer is the
particular type of signaling used to transmit data over the network medium
for copper-based cables the type of signal as electrical ,
 Physical layer
For optical fiber cables the signal is pulses of light. other type
of network media can use radio frequencies, infrared pulses
The physical layer responsible about encoding the data coming
from upper layers
For the Ethernet systems the type of coding is called
Manchester encoding , for token ring used differential
Manchester
Responsible about the type of cable to use how long the
cables can be used. How many hubes can have .
responsible about the topology network that used for example
:Star, Bus ,Ring, meshetc
Hubs and repeaters operate at this layer.
 The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
 Tcp/Ip model
Another model used to describe networking is the
tcp/ip(transmission control protocol/internet protocol) is
developed by DoD(Department defense)in USA this model
consist of four layers:

Application

Presentation Application

Session
Transport Transport layer
Network Internet
Data Link
Network Access
Physical
 Application layer
Application layer :content the details of two layers (session
layer and presentation layer) where handles high levels
protocols.
Responsible about dialog control.
Provides applications with the ability to access the services of
the other layers
 Transport layer
The transport layer deals with issues like reliability, flow
control, and error correction, the TCP protocol provides
excellent and flexible ways to create reliable , well-flowing,
low error network communication.
INTERNET LAYER:
The purpose of this layer is to send packets from the source of
any network to the destination.
The protocol control in this layer is IP(internet protocol)
Responsible about path determination
 Network Interface Layer
Responsible for sending and receiving TCP/IP packets
on the network medium (physical/Data Link)
Applicable LAN technologies
Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI etc.
Applicable WAN technologies
X.25 (old), Frame Relay, ATM etc.
 TCP/IP vs.OSI
Similarities
Both are layered models
Both have application layers , though they include different services
Both have comparable transport and network(internet) layers
Packet switching(not circuit switching)technology is assumed
Differeces
TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into its
application layer
TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one layer
TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers than OSI model
The OSI model less complex , simpler to develop and troubleshoot.