Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Mansyur Arif
Bag. Patologi Klinik FK UNHAS / RSUP
Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo
Definitions
Blood groups are determined by antigens
structures on the surfaces or red cells and
are detected by reactions with specific
antibodies.
A blood group system is defined by
antigens that are regulated either by allelic
genes or closely linked genes.
Table 1. Survey of major Red Cell Blood Group System
System Important antigens
ABO A1,A2,B,H,A3,Am,Ax
MNSs M,N,S,s,U,Mg,Mia,Hu,HeMta,Vw,M2,N2,S2
P P1,pk,P2,(Tja)
Rh D,C,E,c,e,Cw,Ew,ce,Ce,G,CE,cE,Du,Cu,Eu,LW
Lutheran Lua,Lub
Kell K,k,Kpa,Kpb,Jsa,Jsb
Lewis Lea,Leb
Wright Wra,Wrb
Diego Dia,Dib
Cartwright Yta,Ytb
Xg Xga
Dombrock Doa,Dob
Colton Coa,Cob
Antibodies : sources & properties
1. Normal humans
A.bodies to some blood group a.g occur in
the serum of individuals who lack the a.g
and have had no prior exposure to it
natural isohemagglutinins.
2. Immunized animals
a. Historical notes
In subsequent work Landsteiner recognized
that the pattern of reactions could be
explained by two a.g, which designated A
and B. O signified the state of not having A
or B.
Table 3. The Landsteiner scheme
Table 3. The ABO system defined by Anti-A and Anti B
Fischer-Race Wiener
CDe R1
cde r
cDE R2
cDe Ro
CwDe R1W
cdE ru
Cde r1
CDE Rz
Other clinically significant systems
1. Kell system
The Kell a.g system rivals the Rh system in its
complexity and clinical importance. Appearing in
response to prior immunization, anti-Kell a.b have
caused hemolytic transfusion reactions and HDN.
The main a.g pairs : K-k, Kpa-Kpb and Jsa-Jsb
2. Duffy system
Double negative phenotype red cells, Fy (a-b-) are
totally resistant to invasion by Plasmodium vivax.
Transfusion of incompatible blood into Duffy-
sensitive individuals can cause severe hemolysis.
3. Kidd system
Immunization to Kidd is caused mainly by
transfusions. Kidd a.b are evanescent warm-active
incomplete a.b that may not be detected in red cell
a.b screens. Consequently they often cause
delayed transfusions rx, which may be severe.
4. Lutheran system
There are 2 common alleles, Lua and Lub and a
silent one. The double-negative phenotype caused
by either dominant inhibitor gene or a recessive
silent allele.
5. Xga blood group
A. In clinical medicine
1. Pretransfusion testing :
Prior to transfusion, blood is typed
and crossmatched to establish ABO and
D compatibility
2. Hemolytic disease of the newborn
B. In genetics chromosome mapping
C. In forensic medicine :
1. Identification studies
2. Paternity testing