IS EARTH SPHERICAL OR FLAT?

The earth system consists of four main

components which are interconnected,namely
athmosphere,biosphere,hydrosphere and
geosphere.
 Atmosphere

Air Zone Covering The Earths Surface.

 Geosphere

Rock And Soil Zone On The Earths Surface.

 Atmospheric Stratification
Earths atmosphere consits of five layers:
exosphere layer
thermosphere layer
mesosphere layer
stratosphere layer
troposphere layer.
Exosphere layer (480km and above)
Contains light gases such as helium and
hydrogen
Air becomes thinner towards space
Communication satellites orbiting earth in this
layer allow phone calls and televivion
broadcasts
Thermosphere layer (80-480 km)
Also known as the ionosphere because it
contains ions that can reflect radio waves
Aurora,a stream of colourful lights resulting
from reactions of charged particles with
earths magnetic field and atmospheric gases
occurs here
 Stratosphere
Stratosphere layer (13-50 km)
This layer is suitable and stable for aircraft flights
The ozone layer that contains ozone gas which
absorb harmful ultraviolet rays from sunlight is
found here
The ozone layer depletes when
chlorofluorocarbons(cfcs)released from
pesticides,refrigerators and air-conditioners
break down ozone molecules in the ozone layer
Troposphere
 Midnight Zone
This zone has little or no light. It is difficult for
plants to live at this depth but this level of
depth becomes the habitat for large marine
animals,such as giant squids and various
species of whales.
 Distribution of water on earth
The oceans contains A lot of water. Where
does this water come from? Seawater is
evaporated by sunlight and is taken to the
mainland by clouds before it falls back as rain
water.The water in the rivers then flow into
the ocean. The water cycle process is
continuous.Therefore,it is said that the total
amount of water contained in earth,on
earths surface and in earths atmosphere is
always contant.
Water Cycle
 EARTHS LAYER
Earth can be divided into three main layers according to
physical propeties,namely crust,mantle and corethe mantle
consists of the litosphere,asthenosphere and
mesophere.Litosphere covers the crust and the top part of the
mantel.
Types And Characteristic Of Rocks
Table 9.1 shows the types of rocks and their characteristics.
Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

Formed from the Formed by Formed when igneous

process of cooling and compression of rocks or sedimentary
freezing of the deposited materials rocks are exposed to
magma or lava that carried by the very high preassure
flows out of the rivers,glaciers and and temperature.
mantle. winds.
Contains various Consits of many layers Usually harder than
minerals. which are sometimes the original rocks that
hollow and contain formed them.
fossils.
 The process of rock formation
How are igneous rocks,sedimentary rocks and metaphoric
rocks are formed?
The process of rock formation can be explained using the rock
cycles.
 Exogenic process

Process that occurs on earths surface

Examples:weathering,erosion,mass and land
depletion,transport and sedimentation.

A) erosion
It is a process of eroding
Of the earths surface by
Moving agents such as
Water,wind and waves.
 B)weathering
It is A process of rock
Fragmentation and decomposition
Or decay due to changes in
Temperature,rainwater,frosting
And microorganisms.
 D)transport and sedimentation
Weathered or corroded materials are
Moved by agents such as running water,
Wind,waves and glaciers. The materials
Will be sedimented when the velocity of
The agent decreases.
 Endogenic Process
Process that is caused by forces from within
the earth.
Forms and changes the earths surface.
Examples:mantle convection process,magma
activity and earths crust movements (plate
tectonics).
 Mantle Convection Process
The high temperature in the mantle and the
core of the earth producess convection
currents in the asthenosphere layer.These
currents are able to move earths crust.
 Earths Crust Movement
According to the theory of plate tectonics,the
earths crust is divided into several pieces of
plates. These plates constantly move resulting
in collision and divergence which produce
various landforms on earth and condinental
drifts.
 Magma Activity
Volcano is A vent on the earths crust that
allows molten and hot magma to flow out
through it in A strong eruption. The erupted
materials accumulate around the slope of the
vent and form volcanic cones.
 Science And Technology Used To
Prepare For Geohazards
Im placed at the shoreline im placed on the
To give early warnings of slope of hills to give
Tsunami via satellite. Early Warnings Of
Landslides .
 Age Of Earth
The age of earth is estimated to 4.5 bilion years based on meteorities
obtained.Earth has gone through various stages of periods,which have
changed or shaped the earths landscape.Geologists define A long period
of time as an era.Each era is divided into several periods.
 Fossil
Fossils are earths material such as
plants,animals and insects which have been
submerged and buried for A very long period
of time.