PARASITOLGOY

VPA 221
Entomology and Acarology- chapter
on pupipara
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Series: Pupipara

These include flies which lay larvae which immediately

pupates.
The larvae unlike that of Glossina spp. is incapable of
movement, feeding
Hence the group has been placed under pupipara
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Body is broad and flattened dorsoventrally

Head
Large compound eyes are present, ocelli are
absent
Antenna immovable, single segmented and lies
within a pit in the head region
Mouthparts are biting type. Porrect. The main
portions of the proboscis is retracted into the
head and generally the narrow terminal part is
hidden by the 2 palps
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Thorax
Wings may or may not be present
Wings when present have a characteristic
venation- veins crowded in the anterior margin
while the posterior portion reveals fine wrinkling
Legs are provided with strong claws, since the flies
of this series are generally almost permanent
ectoparasites of the host the strong claws provide
them with firm attachment to the host
In species affecting birds additional spurs are
observed
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Abdomen
Abdomen is indistinctly segmented,
soft and leathery
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Family: Hippoboscidae
(Hippo-horse. Bos-to feed)
Genus:Hippobosca
Species:Hippobosca maculata cattle
H.capensis dogs
H.equina- equines
Common name: Forest flies, Louse fly, horse keds
Blood sucking ectoparasites of birds and mammals
related to blood sucking muscids
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Lifecycle
Female flies are viviparous
oviposit one larvae at a time in sheltered spots off the host such
as crevices in mud walls
Eggsare creamy white, flattened posterior end with dark
spiracular plates
The larvae pupates immediately within 4-6 hours. Initially its
yellow in colour and then turns red black in colour
The pupal stage gives rise to the adults usually in 4 weeks
The adult female fly attaches to the host in areas which are thin
and hairless and feeds frequently several times
In horses it is seen feeding under the tail/genitalia
in cows the tail, udder region
in buffaloes the inner aspect of the thigh, genitalia
In dogs the ears and the neck region are preferred feeding sites
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Effect on the host

Direct
The flies are a source of irritation to newly infested
animals
Animals which are not used to the fly react adversely
No such reaction is seen in animals where infestation
is common
Blood sucking habit of the fly can result in anaemia in
young animals
Indirect
Transmits Trypanosoma theileri cyclically to cattle
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Control
The flies can be readily controlled by
use of insecticides such as synthetic
pyrethroids, 0.25% DDVP etc.,oral
ivermectin