Safety & Stability Analysis: Gravity Dams

FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING TANTA
UNIVERSITY
DAMS & RESERVOIRS

ENGINEERING
4TH YEAR CIVIL/STRUCTURE 2012-2013
LECTURE 5
GRAVITY DAMS
SAFETY & STABILITY
ANALYSIS
Instructor:
Dr. Bakenaz A. Zedan
DR. BAKENAZ ZEDAN 4/2/2013
GRAVITY DAMS LECTURES TOPICS
1. CLASSIFICATION & COMPONENTS

2. PLANNING & STRUCTURAL DESIGN
3. SEISMIC FORCES & CASES OF LOADING
4. SAFETY & STABILITY ANALYSIS
5. STRESS ANALYSIS & DESIGN CRITERIA
6. CONSTRUCTION & FOUNDATION TREATMENT
2
GRAVITY DAMS LECTURES TOPICS
1. CLASSIFICATION & COMPONENTS

2. PLANNING & STRUCTURAL DESIGN
3. SEISMIC FORCES & CASES OF LOADING
4. SAFETY & STABILITY ANALYSIS
5. STRESS ANALYSIS & DESIGN CRITERIA
6. CONSTRUCTION & FOUNDATION TREATMENT
3
LECTURE 5 OUTLINE:
Summary Of Cases Of Loading
Design Of Concrete Gravity Dams
Safety Of Concrete Gravity Dams
Stability Analysis
1. Stability Against Forward Overturning
2. Stability Against Forward Sliding
3. Stability Against Sliding & Shear
4. Stability Against Concrete Overstresses
5. Stability Against Foundation Overstresses
Solved Example
4
DR.BAKENAZZEDAN 4/2/2013
SUMMING UP CASES OF LOADING

Case 1: Reservoir is Empty - Just After Construction
Case 2: Reservoir is Full - Normal Operating
Conditions Case 3: Reservoir is Full - Flood Discharge
Conditions Case 4: Reservoir is Empty + Seismic
Forces
Case 5: Normal Operating Conditions + Seismic Forces
Case 6: Flood Discharge Conditions + Seismic Forces
Case 7: Normal Operating Conditions + Seismic Forces +
Extreme Uplift
Case 8: Flood Discharge Conditions + Seismic
Forces+ Extreme Uplift
6
CASE 1 : RESERVOIR IS EMPTY

(JUST AFTER CONSTRUCTION)
Weight of the dam

W
7
CASE 2 : RESERVOIR IS FULL

NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS
Hydrostatic pressure
N.U.W.L.
Ww
W
h
Wwd
P Ws N.D.W.L.
Ps U hd Pd
P= w h w hd

U= w h
8
CASE 3 : RESERVOIR IS FULL

FLOOD DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
F.U.W.L.
Hydrostatic pressure Ww
W
h'
Wwd
P Ws F.D.W.L
Ps U hd Pd
P= w h w hd

U= w h
9
CASE 4 = RESERVOIR IS EMPTY + SEISMIC FORCES
Vertical inertia forces due to

earthquake accelerations Horizontal inertia forces due to
earthquake accelerations
V
H
Weight of the dam

W
10
CASE 5 = NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS +

EARTHQUAKE FORCES
Hydrodynamic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure Vertical inertia forces due to
N.U.W.L. earthquake accelerations
Ww
W Horizontal inertia forces due to
V earthquake accelerations
Phyd
P h H Wwd
Ws
Ps hd Pd
P=Cs .w ..h P= w h w hd

U= w h U
11
CASE 6 = FLOOD DISCHARGE CONDITIONS +

EARTHQUAKE FORCES
F.U.W.L. earthquake accelerations
Ww
Phyd
P h' H Wwd
Ws
Ps Hd Pd
P= w h w hd

P=Cs .w ..h U= w h
U
12
CASE 7 = NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS +

EARTHQUAKE FORCES + EXTREME UPLIFT
N.U.W.L. earthquake accelerations
Ww
Phyd
P h H Wwd
Ws
Ps hd Pd
P=Cs .w ..h P= w h w hd
U= w h
U 13
CASE 8 = FLOOD DISCHARGE CONDITIONS +

EARTHQUAKE FORCES+ EXTREME UPLIFT
F.U.W.L. earthquake accelerations
Ww
Phyd
P h' H Wwd
Ws
Ps U Hd Pd
P= w h w hd
P=Cs .w ..h U= w h
14
DESIGN OF GRAVITY DAMS

INTRODUCTION:
Dams are national properties, for the development
of national economy in which large investments
are deployed
Safety of dams is a very important aspect for
safeguarding national investment and benefits
derived by the project
Unsafe dams constitute hazards to human life in
the downstream reaches
Safety of dams and allied structures is an
important aspect to be examined to ensure public
confidence and to protect downstream area from
any potential hazards.
15
Technically, a concrete gravity dam derives its

stability from the force of gravity of its materials.
The gravity dam has sufficient weight so as to
withstand the force and the over turning moments
caused by the water impounded in the reservoir
behind it.
It transfers the loads to the foundations by
cantilever action and hence good foundations
ar
e pre requisite for the gravity dam.
16

Gravity dams are satisfactorily adopted for narrow valleys having
stiff geological formations.
Their own weight resists the forces exerted upon them.
They must have sufficient weight against overturning
tendency about the toe.
The base width of gravity dams must be large enough to
prevent sliding.
These types of dams are susceptible to settlement,
overturning, sliding and severe earthquake shocks.
17
PROCEDURE OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DESIGN

In the gravity dam calculations one should proceed through the following steps:
1determination of all expected acting loads
2 state the combination of acting loads for each case of loading
3check stability against overturning for all possible cases of loading (cases of
full reservoir)
4 check stability against forward sliding for all possible cases of loading (cases
of full reservoir)
5determine normal stress distribution at dam base and any given sections for
all cases of loading
6determine maximum and minimum principal and shear stresses at dam
base and any given sections for all cases of loading
7compare results with corresponding factors of safety and allowable stresses
8- approve the dam profile or redesign for a new profile
18
STABILITY CRITERIA
Stability analyses are performed for various loading
conditions
The structure must prove its safety and stability
under all loading conditions.
Since the probability of occurrence of extreme events is
relatively small, the joint probability of the independent
extreme events is negligible. In other words, the probability
that two extreme events occur at the same time is
relatively very low.
Therefore, combination of extreme events are not
considered in the stability criteria.
e.g. Floods (spring and summer) versus Ice load (winter).
then no need to consider these two forces at the same
time.
19
STABILITY CRITERIA
Usual Loading
Hydrostatic force (normal operating level)
Uplift force
Temperature stress (normal temperature)
Dead loads
Ice loads
Silt load
Unusual Loading Hydrostatic
force (reservoir full) Uplift force
Stress produced by minimum temperature at full level
Dead loads
Silt load
Extreme (severe) Loading
Forces in Usual Loading and earthquake forces
20
STABILITY CRITERIA
The ability of a dam to resist the applied loads is
measured by some safety factors.
To offset the uncertainties in the loads, safety
criteria are chosen sufficiently beyond the static
equilibrium condition.
Recommended safety factors: (USBR, 1976 and
1987)
However, since each dam site has unique features,
different safety Factors may be derived considering the
local condition.
21
STABILITY CRITERIA
F.S0: Safety factor against overturning.

F.Ss: Safety factor against sliding.
F.Sss: Safety factor against shear and sliding.
22
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAMS
1 Stability against overturning
2 Stability against Forward sliding
3 Failure against overstressing

Normal stresses on horizontal planes
Shear stresses on horizontal planes
Normal stresses on vertical planes
Principal stresses
Permissible stresses in concrete
23
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS
For the considerations of stability of a concrete gravity

dam the following assumptions are made:
Is composed of individual transverse vertical elements
the each of which carries its load to the foundation
separately
dam
Is carried out for the whole block

Stability
analysis
Varies linearly from upstream face to downstream face

vertica on any horizontal section
l
stress
24
CLASSIFICATION OF LOADING FOR DESIGN

Normal Loads
They are those, under the combined action of which the dam shall have adequate
stability, and the factors of safety and permissible stresses in the dam shall not be exceeded.
Normal Loads Abnormal Loads

Water pressure corresponding to full Higher water pressure during floods
reservoir level.
Weight of dam and structure above it. Earthquake force
Uplift. Silt pressure
Wave pressure
Ice thrust
Thermal stresses
Abnormal Loads
These are the loads which in combination with normal loads encroach upon the factor of
safety and increase the allowable stresses although remaining lower than the higher emergency
stress limits.
25
ACTING STATIC FORCES
Forces Static
Forces
that give that try to
stability 1.Weight of destabilize
the dam 1. Reservoir water
2. Thrust of pressure
the tail water
2. Uplift
3. Ice pressure
4. Temperature
stresses
6. Silt pressure
26
ACTING DYNAMIC FORCES
Forces Dynamic
Forces
that give that try to
stability 1.Weight of destabilize
the dam 1.Seismic forces
2. Thrust of 2.Hydrodynamic
the tail water
pressure
3.Forces due to
waves in the
reservoir
4. Wind pressure
27
SAFETY OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM

Equilibrium states that:
FX=0, FY=0, M@ any point=0
Should attained otherwise
If FX 0, forward sliding may occur
If FY 0, settlement may occur
If M 0 forward overturning may occur
If eccentricity exceeds B/6 , tension forces may occur
If working stresses greater than allowable stresses
failure may occur due to excessive stresses or crushing.
28
SAFETY OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM

Thus a dam profile should be safe against:
1. forward sliding and translation
2. Settlement or tilting
3. forward overturning or rotation
4. Tensile stresses
5. failure due to over stresses
6. Cracks & material failure
7. Higher responses than allowable limit
according to codes
29
STRUCTURAL STABILITY ANALYSIS
The stability analysis of a dam section under

static and dynamic loads is carried out to check
the safety with regards to:
1. Rotation and overturning
2. Translation and sliding
3. Overstress and material failure
30
SAFETY AGAINST OVERTURNING
31
SAFETY AGAINST OVERTURNING
Mo
Heel toe
B
Mr
32
SAFETY AGAINST FORWARD SLIDING
33
34
35
In the presence of a horizon with low shear

resistance the net shear force may equal
to:
(W cos+ Hsin ) tan
where W is the passive resistance wedge,

is the assumed angle of sliding failure,
H is the net de-stabilizing horizontal moment,
and is the internal friction within the rock at plane B-B
36
Heel Dam bse toe
37
THE FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING AND SHEAR:
38
SAFETY AGAINST OVERSTRESSING

A dam may fail if any of its part is overstressed and
hence the stresses at any part of the dam should not
exceed the allowable working stress of concrete.
Hence the strength in dam concrete should be more
than the anticipated in the structure by a safe margin
The maximum compressive stresses occur at:
at heel (at reservoir empty condition)

or at toe (at reservoir full condition)
and on planes normal to the face of the dam.
39
For design considerations, the calculation of the

stresses in the body of the dam follows from the
basics of elastic theory, which is applied in two-
dimensional vertical plane, and assuming the
block of the dam to be a cantilever in the vertical
plane attached to the foundation.
The contact stress between the foundation and
the dam or the internal stress in the dam body
must be compressive.
40
SAFETY AGAINST CONCRETE OVERSTRESSING
B
toe

Normal stress Bending or flexural stres heel
s
Base pressure distribution
41
NORMAL STRESSES AT DAM BASE

Normal stress:
V
y
H
c.g.
Heel toe
B e
1m
+ My
x
nheel
ntoe
42
SAFETY AGAINST FOUNDATION OVERSTRESSING

AT DAM BASE
Naturally, there would be tension on the upstream face if

the overturning moments under the reservoir full
condition increase such that e becomes greater than
B/6. The total vertical stresses at the upstream and
downstream faces are obtained by addition of external
hydrostatic pressures.
The contact stress between the foundation and the dam
or the internal stress in the dam body must be
compressive. In order to maintain compressive stresses
in the dam or at the foundation level, the minimum
pressuremin 0. This can be achieved with a certain
range of eccentricity. 43
e
heel
toe
For a unit
width
Base pressure distribution
44
STABILITY CRITERIA
The contact stress between the foundation and the dam or the internal stress
in the dam body must be compressive:
Tension along the upstream face of a gravity dam is possible under reservoir
operating conditions.
z = 1.0 (if there is no drainage in the dam body)

z = 0.4 (if drains are used)
P: hydrostatic pressure at the level under consideration
45
DR.BAKENAZZEDAN 4/2/2013
Given data:
Crest width 1 0 m
Base width 5 0 m
Height of dam 60m
Height of reservoir 55m
Tail water height 0 m
Height of sedimentation 1 0 m
Unit weight of concrete = 2 4 KN/m 3
Modulus of Elasticity= 2 8 MPa
Unit weight of water= 1 0 KN/m 3
Unit weight of sedimentation = 14 KN/m 3 ( q> = 30)
Seismic coefficient= 0.2
Required:
Check the stability of the dam profile
46
QUESTIONS
47

Safety & Stability Analysis: Gravity Dams

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FACULTY OF

DAMS & RESERVOIRS

GRAVITY DAMS LECTURES TOPICS

1. CLASSIFICATION & COMPONENTS

GRAVITY DAMS LECTURES TOPICS

1. CLASSIFICATION & COMPONENTS

SUMMING UP CASES OF LOADING

CASE 1 : RESERVOIR IS EMPTY

Weight of the dam

CASE 2 : RESERVOIR IS FULL

CASE 3 : RESERVOIR IS FULL

CASE 4 = RESERVOIR IS EMPTY + SEISMIC FORCES

Vertical inertia forces due to

Weight of the dam

CASE 5 = NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS +

CASE 6 = FLOOD DISCHARGE CONDITIONS +

CASE 7 = NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS +

CASE 8 = FLOOD DISCHARGE CONDITIONS +

DESIGN OF GRAVITY DAMS

DESIGN OF GRAVITY DAMS

Technically, a concrete gravity dam derives its

DESIGN OF GRAVITY DAMS

PROCEDURE OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DESIGN

F.S0: Safety factor against overturning.

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAMS

1 Stability against overturning

2 Stability against Forward sliding

3 Failure against overstressing

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS

For the considerations of stability of a concrete gravity

Is carried out for the whole block

Varies linearly from upstream face to downstream face

CLASSIFICATION OF LOADING FOR DESIGN

Normal Loads Abnormal Loads

ACTING STATIC FORCES

ACTING DYNAMIC FORCES

SAFETY OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM

SAFETY OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM

STRUCTURAL STABILITY ANALYSIS

The stability analysis of a dam section under

SAFETY AGAINST OVERTURNING

SAFETY AGAINST OVERTURNING

SAFETY AGAINST FORWARD SLIDING

SAFETY AGAINST FORWARD SLIDING

SAFETY AGAINST FORWARD SLIDING

SAFETY AGAINST FORWARD SLIDING

In the presence of a horizon with low shear

where W is the passive resistance wedge,

SAFETY AGAINST FORWARD SLIDING

Heel Dam bse toe

THE FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING AND SHEAR:

SAFETY AGAINST OVERSTRESSING

at heel (at reservoir empty condition)

SAFETY AGAINST OVERSTRESSING

For design considerations, the calculation of the

SAFETY AGAINST CONCRETE OVERSTRESSING

Base pressure distribution

NORMAL STRESSES AT DAM BASE

SAFETY AGAINST FOUNDATION OVERSTRESSING

Naturally, there would be tension on the upstream face if

SAFETY AGAINST OVERSTRESSING

Base pressure distribution

z = 1.0 (if there is no drainage in the dam body)