BY:

N.SUSHEEL
16011D2009
1
SEISMIC RETROFITTING

Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures

to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground
motion or soil failure due to earthquakes.

The retrofit techniques are also applicable for other natural

hazards such as tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and severe winds
from thunderstorms.

2
EFFECT OF MASS AND HEIGHT:

Due to the action of the seismic forces, building behaves like

a cantilever with the top most storey possessing more seismic
force

Heavier the building larger is the seismic forces.

3
EFFECT OF STIFFNESS:

How much the building deflects under a given lateral load is

measured by a property known as lateral stiffness.

The building behaves elastically under low earthquake levels.

4
EFFECT OF DUCTILITY:

Buildings can exhibit ductile or brittle behavior, depending

on the nature of the structural materials, design and detailing.

Ductility is required at regions with very high stress such

as the beam-column joints.

5
Ref(Hand book on seismic retrofitting)

6
RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES:

Retrofit techniques are grouped into local and global

techniques.

Global retrofit techniques aim to stiffen the building, by

providing additional lateral load resisting elements or to
reduce the irregularities or mass.

Local retrofit technique targets the seismic resistance of

member, without significantly affecting the overall resistance
of the building.

7
 OBJECTIVE:

Improvement of lateral strength and stiffness of the

structure.

Increase in the strength and ductility of the structure.

To ensure adequate stability against overturning and

sliding.

8
SHEAR WALL:

Ref (IIT-K BMTPC EARTHQUAKE TIP)

Frequently used technique for retrofitting of reinforced

structures.

9
They provide large strength and stiffness to the buildings in
the direction of their orientation to reduce lateral sway.

Ref (IIT-K BMTPC EARTHQUAKE TIP)

10
STEEL BRACINGS:

A steel bracing can be provided to

improve the strength, stiffness, ductility
or a combination of these.

An effective solution when large

openings are required.

11
MASS REDUCTION TECHNIQUE
This may be achieved, for instance, by removal of one or
more storeys as shown in Figure. In this case it is evident
that the removal of the mass will lead to a decrease in the
period, which will lead to an increase in the required
strength.

12
WALL THICKENING TECHNIQUE

The existing walls of a building are added certain thickness

by adding bricks, concrete and steel aligned at certain
places as reinforcement, such that the weight of wall
increases and it can bear more vertical and horizontal loads,
and also its designed under special conditions that the
transverse loads does not cause sudden failure of the wall.

13
 BASE ISOLATION:

Isolation of the superstructure from the foundation is

known as base isolation.

The basic principle behind base isolation is that the

response of the structure or a building is modified such that
the ground below is capable of moving without transmitting
minimal or no motion to the structure above.

14
 Ref: (IJEIE)

The lateral forces of the isolated structure are not

only reduced in magnitude but also fairly
redistributed over the floors, which further mitigates
the overturning moment of the structure.

15
There are two types of base isolations-
1.Elastomeric base isolation
2.Sliding base isolation

16
Elastomeric base isolation

Flexible elastomeric bearings consist of layers of

bonded rubber and steel with a central lead core. The lead
core softens when under pressure absorbing energy that
would otherwise be transferred to the building.

17
Ref (nptel-earthquake engineering)
18
Sliding base isolation

Sliding systems with restoring force offers

advantages over elastomeric isolation systems.

The sliding system is effective in the sense that it

is capable of taking care of wide range of frequency
input from the seismic excitation

19
Ref (nptel-earthquake engineering)

20
JACKETING:

To increase shear strength.

To increase flexural strength.

Ref(handbook on seismic retrofit of structures-CPWD) 21

 Column jacketing

Ref (seismic retrofitting-constructor)

Beam jacketing

22
CONCLUSION:
Seismic retrofitting is a suitable technique for
protection of variety of structures.

The main challenge is to achieve a desired

performance level at a minimum cost .

23
REFERENCES:
1. Handbook on seismic retrofit of buildings-CPWD & Indian building
congress.
2. IIT-K BMTPC Earthquake tip.
3. seismic retrofitting-constructor.
4. NPTEL- Earthquake engineering .
5. www.aboutcivil.org Earthquake Engineering
6. www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_2571.pdf
7. Agarwal, P. and Shrikhande, M., 2006, Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures, 2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.

24
25