Geoelectromagnetic Earth

Investigations

By
Adel Fathy
M.Sc studet, Fayoum University
Email: a_fathyallam@yahoo.com
SWMC- Helwan University -23/11/2012
Outlines
1- Sun Earth connection.
1.1 Current system.
1.2 Geomagnetic indices.
1.3 Geo-Space connection.
2- Magnetotelluric.
2.1.Mechanism of magnetotelluric Method
2.2 Physics of Magnetotelluric Method.
2.2 Processing Method.
3- Geomagnetic Deep Sounding (GDS).
3.1 Physics of GDS.
4- Plane of the Work.
1.1 Current System
 1.2 Geomagnetic indices

Three main indices for

monitoring the strength
of Earths magnetic field
variations (Dst, AE, Kp)
and others, Recently
many indices are
proposed for monitoring
solar geomagnetic and
Earth variations, such
as; (Pc5 , EEJ, Pi 2 etc).

Menvielle and Marchaudon, 2008

The most intensive ground based magnetometer
network distributed all over the world

ITERMAGNET
 1.3 Geo-Space connection
Means here, using natural earths magnetic
field for monitoring:
1- Seismic activity(Using Raw magnetic field and pulsations ).
2- Deep Earths layers conductivity.
And interpreting some of the abnormal
phenomena.
Electromagnetic coupling of ULF waves in magnetospher-
plasmasphere-ionosphere-lithosphere

Conductivity
Change
ULF Emission ULF Emission

Yumoto et al., 2009

 Abnormal field observations

1- Seismic activity.
Anomalous field
2- Costal effects.
enhanced due to
3- A high conductive
layer.
 2- Magnetotelluric (MT)

Magnetic field variations Electric field variations

MT is an Electromagnetic method which uses natural electromagnetic

fields (E and B) at the surface of the Earth to determine the distribution of
electrical resistivity within the Earth and the deep structures.
This method is preferred due to,
1- Great depth of penetration over seismic
2- Provide information on non/poor seismic and good/poor conductors.
Recently the importance of MT and Audio MT methods are increased
due to their use for the petroleum exploration.
 2.1.Mechanism of magnetotelluric
Method
Naturally occurring variations
Ionospheric and
(time varying) in the Earths Magnetospheric currents
magnetic fields induce
electrical currents in
conductive layers, which could
be recorded at on the Earths Bz
surface .
Vertical wave attenuation
characterized by a skin depth,
which is proportional to the Induced current due to
Conductive
incidence wavelength. layer Earths conductivity
 2.2 The Physics of MT Method
Faradays and Amperes law for a time varying electric
and magnetic fields are:
2.1
2.2

Curl of both equations are:

2.3

2.4

In source free medium,

Div (E and H)=0 Be the propagation constant
of the medium
Ignoring the displacement current, from Equation (1) we get,

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

The impedance within the medium is given

by,

2.9
 Generally sounding the deep Earth conductivity
using long period waves.
1- long period pulsations Pc3.
2- Sq current .
3- Electrojet currents .
4- Dp1 currents.
5- Magnetovariations (long magnetic field
variations due to magnetic storms) which is
preferable.
Processing methods
1- Collecting noiseless data (Electric and
magnetic or Magnetic only).
2- Spherical harmonic analysis.
3- Modeling the data to calculate the
conductivity.
3- Geomagnetic Deep Sounding (GDS)
GDS depends on the relation between the variations in the
geomagnetic field components induced by external currents
of the geomagnetic field at the Earths surface, depend on
the Earth conductivity

Low conductivity Good conductor

Secondary field of the current induced in
the Earth at its surface << the primary
field
Observed amplitude of Z and H are the
Same
Current shields the Earths interior from
penetration of variable EM waves would
be induced at its surface, because of the
continuity of the normal component of B.
Vertical component would be enhanced
by n/n+1 of primary field.
 Conductor at some depth

Secondary field at the earths surface

will be weaker than the primary one
and the vertical component will be
greater
 Physics of magneto variational profile (MVP) in
Spherical Harmonic Analysis (SHA)

Harmonic Time varying field

Spherical coordinates (R,,)
exp(it)

From Maxwells equations

2A K 2A 0

Where
K 2 i o ( i )
and
A (r , , ) Fn (r )S n ( , )
The magnetic ratio and the Earth F is the radial part
in the Spherical
impedance analysis

B ro B ro n (n 1) F m
Magnetic ratio (W)= Radial W
magnetic component / B o B o r F
horizontal component r

Fm
Impedance = Electric field
E E
i
B B F
component / its
corresponding magnetic r
component i
W
n (n 1)

Generally, GDS can provide information on the Earths conductivity

down to ~ 1800 km according to the field frequency used
Earths magnetic field on its surface
1- Boe Primarypart on external origin. Anomalous part formed in an
elongated area in the X direction
2- Boi, Secondary normal part due to is known to be polarized with Ex
induced currents in Earths layers.
polarization (By,Bz,Ex).
3- Ba, Secondary anomalous part Observatory
Z

Generally, Normal field

Bo= Boe+ Boi
And the total field is
denoted by X
B= Bo+ Ba
Y
Outside the anomalous region the
Cauchy formula for contour i

U (y )
enclosing the upper half space with U e U i
y y 0
dy iKU
no field sources.

From Kertz, (1954) to external and

internal field could be separated
B y e 12 (B y KB z ), B y i 12 (B y KB z )
U =U e +Ui B zy 12 (B z KB y ), B z i 12 (B z KB y ),

B ya ( y 0 ) KB za ( y )
B za ( y 0 ) KB ya ( y )
where

1 B (y )
KB ( y 0 )
y y 0
dy
3.1 Anomalous field determination
using a reference point
B(R1) magnetic field at the
observation point, and B(R2) is the
magnetic field at the reference B (R1 ) B (R 2 ) B a (R1R 2 )
station.
[b (R1R 2 )]B (R 2 )
[b(R1R2)] is the transformation matrix

B(R2)
B(R1)
A high conductive
body (layer)
 3.2 Profile (Array) data processing
1- Separation of the
normal fields. Bo= Boe+ Boi
2- Anomalous field
determination Ba. Ba
3- solving Schmucker
(1964, 1970) for bik B a (x , y ) [bik (x , y )]B 0 (x , y )
tensor components.
P and q are the perturbation vectors
p b11i b 21 j which are used to show the strength
and the direction of anomalous currents
q b 21i b 22 j
c b 31i b 32 j

P, q and C (The induction vector) indicate clearly the structure of the

anomalous field
 3.3 Processing of the point observation

Z AH B D
D0
H H 0 H a H 0 (b11 b12 )H 0
Where H, D and Z are H0
the field components H0
composed of normal Calculated as follow D D 0 D a D 0 (b 22 b 21 )D 0
D0
and anomalous parts
Z Z0 Za Za

b31
A
D A and B can be found
Both A and B characterizing 1 (b11 0 b12 ) approximately due to their
H0 dependence on the normal
the electrical field polarization
b32
conductivity B
H
1 (b 22 0 b 21 )
D0
4- Plane of the Work.
Thank you