Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Investigated
nature and even the parts of animals,
and Metaphysics is in a significant way a theology.
Democritus was also a pioneer of mathematics and geometry, and produced works
entitled "On Numbers", "On Geometrics", "On Tangencies", "On Mapping" and "On
Irrationals", although these works have not survived. We do know that he was among the
first to observe that a cone or pyramid has one-third the volume of
a cylinder or prism respectively with the same base and height.
He was also the first philosopher we know who realized that the celestial body we call
the Milky Way is actually formed from the light of distant stars, even though many later
philosophers (including Aristotle) argued against this. He was also among the first to propose
that the universe contains many worlds, some of which may be inhabited. He devoted
many of the later years of his life to researches into the properties of minerals and plants,
although we have no record of any conclusions he may have drawn.
Cynicism
Socratic (c. 445 - 365 B.C.)
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Refer to the ideas of just one man.
Epicurus is supposed to have written over 300 books, but the only
surviving complete works that have come down to us are three
letters and two groups of quotes, which are to be found in the "Lives
of Eminent Philosophers" of the 3rd Century historian, Diogenes
Laertius, and which present his basic views in a handy
and concise form. Other evidence comes from the ruined town
of Oenoanda, where the rich Epicurean follower Diogenes of
Oenoanda had Epicurus' entire philosophy of happiness inscribed on
the stones of the town's stoa in the early 2nd Century AD. Also,
numerous fragments of his thirty-seven volume treatise "On
Nature" have been found among the charred remains at Herculaneum.
Milesian School
Pre-Socratic6th Century B.C.
Main Features/Beliefs:
More focused on nature than on
reason and thought.
Sometimes described as philosophers
of nature, and they presented a view of
nature in terms of methodologically
observable entities, and therefore
represented one of the first attempts to
make philosophy truly scientific.
Notable Philosopher
Thales(c.624-546BCE)
Main feature/Beliefs:
Dominated by mathematics, but it was also
profoundly mystical/religious.
Zeno of Citium
MEDIEVAL SCHOOL
Averroism
Avicennism
Illuminationism
Scholasticism
Scotism
Thomism
Scholasticism
Medival(12th to 16th Century)
An acceptance of the
prevailing Catholic orthodoxy.
Notable Philosopher
Thomas Aquinas (AKA Thomas of Aquin or Aquino) (c.
1225 - 1274) was an Italian philosopher and theologian of
the Medieval period. He was the foremost classical proponent
of natural theology at the the peak of Scholasticism in
Europe, and the founder of the Thomistic school of philosophy
and theology.
The philosophy of Aquinas has exerted enormous
influence on subsequent Christian theology, especially that of
the Roman Catholic Church, but also Western philosophy in
general. His most important and enduring works are
the "Summa Theologica", in which he expounds his
systematic theology of the "quinquae viae" (the five proofs of
the existence of God), and the "Summa Contra Gentiles".
St. Augustine of HippoSt. Augustine of Hippo (A.D. 354 - 430) was
an Algerian-Roman philosopher and theologian of the late Roman /
early Medieval period. He is one of the most important early figures in the
development of Western Christianity, and was a major figure in
bringing Christianity to dominance in the previously pagan Roman
Empire. He is often considered the father of orthodox theology and
the greatest of the four great fathersof the Latin Church (along with St.
Ambrose, St. Jerome and St. Gregory).
Augustine wrote over 100 works in Latin, many of them texts
on Christian doctrine and apologetic works against various heresies.
He is best known for the "Confessiones" ("Confessions", a personal
account of his early life, completed in about 397), "De civitate
Dei" ("The City of God", consisting of 22 books started in 413 and
finished in 426, dealing with God, martyrdom, Jews and other Christian
philosophies) and "De Trinitate" ("On the Trinity", consisting of 15
books written over the final 30 years of his life, in which he developed the
"psychological analogy" of the Trinity).
Scotism
Medieval (13 century)
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