The Assurance Services

Market
Layanan Jaminan? pasar
Chapter 1

2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1-1

 Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Enron WorldCom
The Act established the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board.
Undang-undang mendirikan Perusahaan Publik
Akuntansi Dewan Pengawas.

It also requires auditors to report on the effectiveness of

internal control over financial reporting.
ni juga membutuhkan auditor untuk melaporkan efektivitas
pengendalian internal atas pelaporan keuangan.
Tyco Adelphia
2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1-2
 Learning Objective 1

Describe auditing.

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 Nature of Auditing
Hakikat Audit
Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation
of evidence about information to determine
and report on the degree of correspondence
between the information and established criteria.
Audit adalah akumulasi dan evaluasi
bukti mengenai informasi untuk menentukan
dan melaporkan tingkat kesetaraan
antara informasi dan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan.
Auditing should be done by a competent,
independent person.
Audit harus dilakukan oleh seorang yang kompeten,
orang yang independen.

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 Information and Established Criteria

Informasi dan Kriteria Didirikan

To do an audit, there must be information in a
verifiable form and some standards (criteria)
by which the auditor can evaluate the information.
Untuk melakukan audit, harus ada informasi dalam
Bentuk diverifikasi dan beberapa standar (kriteria)
dimana auditor dapat mengevaluasi informasi

Criteria
FASB IASB

2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1-5

 Accumulating Evidence and Evaluating Evidence
Mengumpulkan Bukti dan Mengevaluasi Bukti
Evidence is any information used by the auditor
to determine whether the information being
audited is stated in accordance with the
established criteria.
Bukti adalah setiap informasi yang digunakan oleh au
untuk menentukan apakah informasi yang
diaudit dinyatakan sesuai dengan
Written and
kriteria yang telah ditetapkan.
Transaction electronic
data Communications
with outsiders
Observations
tertulis dan
Client inquiry elektronik
Permintaan klien komunikasi
dengan pihak luar
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Competent, Independent Person
Judgment and
Competence
Experience

Independence

Evaluation
of Evidence

Proper
Conclusion
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 Audit Report
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
ABC Corporation and Subsidiaries
Anywhere, USA
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ABC Corporation and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2010 and December
31, 2009, and the related consolidated statements of income, stockholders equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December
31, 2010. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15. These financial statements and financial statement schedule
are the responsibility of the Companys management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements and financial statement schedule
based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that
we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes
examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting
principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits
provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of ABC Corporation and Subsidiaries as of
December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December
31, 2010, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedule,
when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth
therein.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Companys internal control
over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on the criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of
Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 28, 2011, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Companys internal
control over financial reporting.
INTERNATIONAL CPA FIRM LLP
Anywhere, USA
February 28, 2011
Kepada Dewan Direksi dan Pemegang Saham
ABC Corporation dan Anak Perusahaan
Di mana saja, USA
The final step communicates the findings to users.
Kami telah mengaudit neraca konsolidasi ABC Corporation dan Anak Perusahaan ("Perusahaan") pada tanggal 31 Desember 2010 dan 31 Desember 2009, dan
terkait laporan laba rugi konsolidasi, ekuitas, dan arus kas untuk masing-masing tiga tahun pada periode yang berakhir 31 Desember 2010. Audit kami juga
Langkah terakhir mengkomunikasikan temuan kepada pengguna.
termasuk2012
jadwal pernyataan keuangan yang
Pearson Education, terdaftar14/e,
Auditing dalam Indeks pada Butir 15. Laporan keuangan dan jadwal laporan keuangan adalah tanggung
Arens/Elder/Beasley
manajemen Perusahaan. Tanggung jawab kami terletak pada pernyataan pendapat atas laporan keuangan dan jadwal laporan keuangan berdasarkan audit
1 - 8jawab
 Audit of a Tax Return Example

2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1-9

 Learning Objective 2

Distinguish between auditing

and accounting.

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 Distinguish Between
Auditing and Accounting

Bedakan Antara? Auditing dan

Akuntansi
Accounting is the recording, classifying,
and summarizing of economic events
for the purpose of providing financial
information used in decision making.

Akuntansi adalah pencatatan, pengklasifikasian,

dan meringkas kejadian ekonomi
untuk tujuan menyediakan keuangan
informasi yang digunakan dalam pengambilan ke

Auditing is determining whether

recorded information properly
reflects the economic events that
occurred during the accounting period.

Audit adalah menentukan apakah

Informasi yang direkam dengan benar
mencerminkan peristiwa ekonomi yang
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 Learning Objective 3

Explain the importance of auditing

in reducing information risk.

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 Economic Demand
for Auditing
Permintaan ekonomi? Untuk
Audit
Demand Driver Information risk

Auditing can have a significant effect

on information risk.
Audit dapat memiliki dampak yang signifikan
terhadap risiko informasi.
What is meant by Information risk?

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 Learning Objective 4

List the causes of information risk, and

explain how this risk may be reduced.
Daftar penyebab risiko informasi, dan
menjelaskan bagaimana risiko ini dapat
dikurangi.

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 Causes of Information Risk
Penyebab Risiko Informasi
Remoteness of information

Biases and motives of the provider

Complex exchange transactions
Keterasingan informasi
Voluminous data
Bias dan motif penyedia

Data besar sekali

Transaksi valuta rumit

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 Reducing Information Risk
Mengurangi Risiko Informasi
User verifies information
User shares information risk with management
Audited financial statements are provided
Pengguna memverifikasi informasi
Risiko berbagi informasi pengguna dengan manajem
Laporan keuangan yang telah diaudit disediakan

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 Relationships Among Auditors,
Client, and External Users
Hubungan antara Auditor, Klien,
dan
Client or audit
Pengguna Eksternal
Auditor issues
report relied
committee hires upon by users to reduce
Auditor information risk
Klien atau audit Auditor masalah auditor
karyawan komite laporan diandalkan
akuntan atas oleh pengguna untuk mengu
risiko informasi

Provides capital
External
Client
Users
Client provides financial
statements to users
2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 17
 Learning Objective 5

Describe assurance services and distinguish

audit services from other assurance and
non-assurance services provided by CPAs.

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 Assurance Services

An independent professional service

Can be performed by CPAs or by a variety

of other professionals

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 Attestation Services

A type of assurance service

CPA reports on the reliability of an assertion

That is the responsibility of another party.

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 Attestation Services

1. Audit 3. Review
Historical
Financial
Statements

2. Internal
Control over 4. Information
Financial 5. Other
Reporting
Technology

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 Attestation Services on
Information Technology
Atestasi Jasa Teknologi
Informasi
WebTrust and SysTrust also meet the
criteria of attestation service
WebTrust dan SysTrust juga memenuhi
kriteria pelayanan pengesahan

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 Other Assurance Services
Most of the other assurance services that CPAs
provide do not meet the formal definition
of attestation services.
Sebagian besar layanan jaminan lain yang CPA
menyediakan tidak memenuhi definisi formal
jasa atestasi.
The CPA is not required to issue a written report. CPA
The assurance does not have to be about the
reliability of another partys assertion about
compliance with specified criteria.
Jaminan tidak harus tentang
keandalan pernyataan pihak lain tentang
sesuai
2012 dengan
Pearson Education, kriteria
Auditing 14/e, tertentu
Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 23
 Green Initiatives Bring Assurance
Opportunities, Competition
Inisiatif hijau Bawa Jaminan
Peluang, Kompetisi
Global interest has triggered a surge in reports. Bunga

80% of the Global Fortune 250 released

environmental, social, and governance data.
80% dari Global Keberuntungan 250 dirilis
data lingkungan,
Presented sosial, dan
in standalone tata or
reports kelola.
integrated
into annual financial reports.
Disajikan dalam laporan mandiri atau terintegrasi
dalam laporan keuangan tahunan
2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 24
 Other Assurance Services
Examples
Lainnya Jasa
Assess risks Assurance
of accumulation, Contoh
distribution,
and storage of digital information
Menilai risiko akumulasi, distribusi,
dan penyimpanan informasi digital
including

assessing security risks and related

controls over data and other information
stored electronically, including the
adequacy of backup and off-site storage.
2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 25
 Other Assurance Services
Examples
Lainnya Jasa Assurance Contoh
Compliance with trading policies and procedures

Compliance with entertainment royalty agreements

ISO 900 certification

Environmental audit

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 Assurance, Attestation, and
Nonassurance Services

2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley

 Learning Objective 6

Differentiate the three main types of audits.

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 Types of Audits

Operational

Compliance

Financial Statement

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 Operational Audit
Audit operasional
Evaluate computerized payroll system
for efficiency and effectiveness
Example
Evaluasi sistem penggajian komputerisasi
Number of records processed, costs of
untuk efisiensi dan efektivitas
the department, and number of errors
Information
Jumlah catatan diproses, biaya
Established Company standards for efficiency and
departemen, dan jumlah kesalahan
Criteria effectiveness in payroll department
dibentuk Standar perusahaan untuk efisiensi dan
Available Error reports, payroll records, and
kriteria efektivitas dalam departemen penggajian
Evidence payroll processing costs
tersedia Laporan kesalahan, catatan penggajian, d
Barang Bukti biaya proses penggajian
2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 30
 Compliance Audit
Audit kepatuhan
Determine whether bank requirements
for loan continuation have been met
Example
Tentukan apakah persyaratan Bank
untuk kelanjutan pinjaman telah dipenuhi
Information Company records catatan perusahaan

Established
Loan agreement provisions Ketentuan per
Criteria
Available Financial statements and
Evidence calculations by the auditor
2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 31
 Audit of Historical Financial
Statements
Annual audit of Boeings financial
Example
statements

Information Boeing's financial statements

Established Generally accepted accounting

Criteria principles
Available Documents, records, and outside
Evidence sources of evidence
2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 32
 XBRL Electronic Data to Improve
Financial Reporting
XBRL Data Elektronik untuk
Meningkatkan Pelaporan Keuangan
Extensible Business Reporting Language

Enables sorting and comparing of financial data

Public companies required to provide interactive

financial statement data

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 Learning Objective 7

Identify the primary types of auditors.

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 Types of Auditors

Independent certified public accounting firms

Governmental general accounting office auditors

Internal Revenue agents

Internal auditors

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 Learning Objective 8

Describe the requirements

for becoming a CPA.

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 Three Requirements for
Becoming a CPA
Tiga Persyaratan? Menjadi CPA
Educational requirement

Uniform CPA examination requirement

Experience requirement

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 CPA Examination Sections

Financial
Auditing Accounting
and And
Attestation Reporting

Business
Environment
Regulation
and
Concepts
2012 Pearson Education, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 38
 CBT-e: The CPA Exam Gets a
Makeover
New content and skill specification outline
revisions.

Exam structure changes and weighting of

individual exam components.

Coverage of international auditing and financial

reporting standards.

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 Three Requirements for Becoming
a CPA

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 End of Chapter 1

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