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Topic 8. Evolution and Biodiversity

8.1 Evolution evidence

 Topic 8. General competences.
4. Listens, interprets and emits pertinent messages in
different contexts through the use of appropriate media,
codes, and tools.
4.1. Expresses ideas and concepts through linguistic,
mathematical, or graphical representations.
5.Develops innovations and proposes solutions to
problems using established methods.

5.4 Builds hypotheses then designs and implements models to test

their validity.
5.5 Synthesizes evidences obtained through experimentation to reach
conclusions and formulate new questions.
5.6 Manages information technology and communication to process
and interpret information.
 8.1.1 State that evolution occurs when heritable
characteristics of a specie change

What is evolution?
Strong evidence for characteristics of species
changing over the time.
An important distinction should be drawn between acquired
characteristics that develop during the lifetime of an individual and
heritable characteristics that are passed from parent to offspring.

Evolution only concerns heritable characteristics. It is natural

selection. There are stronger objections to the concept that species can
evolve than to the logic of the mechanism that inevitably causes
evolution.
 Evolution
Biological evolution is descent with modification.
This definition encompasses:
Small-scale evolution:
changes in gene frequency in a population from
one generation to the next , and
Large-scale evolution:
the descent of different species from a common
ancestor over many generations.

Evolution helps us to understand the history of

life.
8.1.1 Summarize that fossil record provides evidence for
evolution.

Paleontology: the science that study fossils and gives strong

evidence that evolution has ocurred.

Some evidence that evolution has ocurred:

The sequence in which fossils appear matches the
sequence in which they be expected to evolve through the
years.
The sequence also fits in with the ecology of the groups.
Many sequences of fossils still have a link with existing
organisms.

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 Activity 1. Fill out the missing words using words from
the word bank.

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 Answers:
Natural selection Survival of the fittest
New species Change over time

Darwin
Dog breeds

Naturalist
Anatomical evidence

DNA
Galapagos Island Whale bones

Homologous structure
Vestigial structure
Turtles
Finches

Shaped shells

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 8.1.3 State that selective breeding of domesticated
animals shows that artificial selection can cause
evolution.

Domesticated breeds have not always existed in their current

form. Humans have deliberately bred and used particular
species for thousands of years.

Artificial breeding: The change that has achieved simply by

repeatedly selecting for and breeding the individuals most
suited to human eyes.

The effectiveness of artificial selection is shown by the

considerable changes that have ocurred in domesticated
animals over periods of time that are very short, in comparison
to geological time.

It shows that selection shows evolution, but not necessarily by

natural selection.
 Example of Artificial breeding:

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 Evolution:
Videos about evolution:
Evolution:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHOjC4oxh8

Evidence for evolution:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIEoO5KdPvg
8.1.4. Explain the evidence of homologous structures by
adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure
when there are differences in function.
Darwin pointed out in The Origin of Species that some similarities in
structure between organisms are superficial.

There are two types of structures:

Analogous structures
homologous structures.

Homologous structures:
They are structures that may look superficially different and perfom
different function, but which have what Darwin called unity of type.

The common ancestry of the species can be seen in the structure and
development of these homologous structures, even if their function is
different.

The more closely the organisms are related, the more similar the
homologous structures between organisms.
 Analogous structures:
While homologous structures show how similar
species have changed from their ancient ancestors,
analogous structures show how different species have
evolved to become more similar.

According to the species evolution depending on function

and environment, There are two types of evolution:
Convergent evolution:
An evolutionary interpretation is that they have had different
origins and have become similar because they perform the
same or a similar function, this is called convergent evolution.

It is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not

monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result
of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological
niches.
 Divergent evolution:
When a group of organisms share a homologous
structure that is specialized to perform a variety of
functions in order to adapt different environmental
conditions and modes of life are called adaptive
radiation.

The gradual spreading of organisms with adaptive

radiation is known as divergent evolution.
 Pentadactyl limbs
Darwin gave the example of the forelimbs of a human,
mole, horse, porpoise and bat and asked what could be
more curious than to find that they include the same
bones, in the same relative positions.

The explanation is that they have the same origin, from a

an ancestor that had a pentadactyl or five digit limb, and
that they have become different because they perform
different functions. This is called adaptive radiation.
 Darwin also called some structures as rudimentary
organs, they are reduced structures that serve no
function. They are now called vestigial organs.

These structures are easily explained by evolution as

structures that no longer have a function and so are
being gradually lost.

An example is the beginnings of teeth found in

embryo baleen whales, despite adults being
toothless.
Comparison of the pentadactyl limb of mammals, birds,
amphibians, and reptiles with different methods of
locomotion.
Table 1.- The pentadactyl limb consists of these
structures:
Bone structure Forelimb Hindlimb
Single bone in the humerus Femur
proximal part
Two bones in the distal Radius and ulna Tibia and fibula
part
Group of wrist/ankle carpals Tarsals
bones
Series of bones in each Metacarpals and Metatarsals and
of five digits phalanges phalanges
 Pentadactyl limbs

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 8.1.5 Summarize that populations of a specie can
gradually diverge into separate species by evolution

If two populations of a specie become separated so that

they do not interbreed and natural selection then acts
differently on the two populations, they will evolve in
different ways.

The characteristics of the two populations will gradually

diverge.

With the time, they will be recognizably different, they will

become two different species, this is called speciation.

An endemic specie is one that is found only in a certain

geographical area.
8.1.6 Summarize the continuous variation across the
geograhical range of related populations matches the
concept of gradual divergence.

If populations gradually diverge over time to become

separate species, then at any one moment we would
expect to be able to find examples of all stages of
divergence in nature.

Because species can gradually diverge over long periods of

time and there is no sudden switch from being two
populations of one species to being two separate species,
the decision to lump populations together or split them
into separate species remains rather arbitrary.
 Activity:
Search about the development of melanistic insects in
polluted reas.
Explain the possible consequences of pollution in urban
insects.

Dark varieties of typically light-coloured insects are called

melanistic.
The most famous example of an insect with a melanistic
variety is Biston betularia.
 References

Allot A., Mindorff D., (2014). Biology, IB Diploma

Programme. 2014 Edition. Oxford
Burns, R. (2010). Fundamentals of Chemistry. 5th Edition.
Mexico: Pearson Education
Miller, K. Levine, J., (2010) Biology. USA: Pearson Education
Understanding Evolution.( 2016) University of California
Museum of Paleontology. 22 August 2008. retrieved from:
<http://evolution.berkeley.edu/>.
Science daily. (2016)Convergent evolution. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/convergent_evolutio
n.htm