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Fuels in cement industry
In physical state :
fuels classified as solid ,liquid ,or gaseous.
3% coal drying
Introduction
Even though all the biological, geographic and climatic factors may
be favourable, coal could not be formed unless the plant debris was
submerged and buried by sediments.
D Roller mills are more flexible than ball mills, since the roller mill
can easily be adjusted to varying throughputs within a range of
approx. 40-100% of nominal capacity, as required.
D Ball mills are usually preferred for grinding highly abrasive types
of coal.
In air-swept mills, of both the ball and roller types, the air
velocity must be high enough to extract the ground material
from the mil When specifying the moisture of coal, a distinction
is made between surface moisture, which evaporates at
ambient temperature, and hygroscopic moisture which is more
closely bound to the coal.
The coal must be sufficiently dry for grinding, storing, and feeding
purposes.
Excessive drying should be avoided, due to the accelerating process
of oxidation which occurs as the moisture content is reduced, with the
consequent risk of spontaneous ignition.
In practice, drying off the small part of the hygroscopic moisture will
ensure a high degree of safety combined with good processing and
handling properties.
Plants using inert kiln gases with an oxygen content of about 4% for
drying and transport of coal are becoming more commonplace.
They have the advantage that the risk of fires and explosions is
reduced considerably when the oxygen level is kept below 14%.
Operating conditions and plant maintenance must be such that this
limit is not exceeded during operation.
This is effectively controlled by an 02-meter placed at dedusting
installation outlet.
When all the air passed through the mill cannot be utilised as
primary air for kiln firing, an electrostatic precipitator or a bag filter
must be installed to dedust the air.
An electrostatic precipitator must be preceded by a cyclone for
collecting most of the coal meal so as to reduce the average dust
concentration in the precipitator to a level at which explosions do not
occur.
Coal (Wet Basis) from Coal storage yard or coal mine is loaded into
belt conveyor and conveyed to sealing feeder for a direct fed into the
saving drum dryer
After undergoing a process of medium heat exchange drying, coal
is loaded into discharging conveyor belt from the discharging box
then the coal is conveyed to the storage yard
Hot medium (hot fuel gas) for coal drying is
produced and prepared in coal-fired hot blast
heater.
The coal drum dryer are uniflow which mean the hot fuel gas and
coal are fed in one end and discharged at the other.
Following the same pattern is also the ability of the various coal
types to retain moisture due to their structure, which gets more and
more compact as the coal gets older.
Irrespective of the age of the coals it is found that the content of inert
ashes are also subject to considerable variation
Immediately one would think that the finer the coal the quicker
the ignition, but this is only true for low volatile coals, coals of
higher contents of volatiles must be ground coarser in order to
control the rate of expulsion of the gases from the solid particles
8 9% 89% 10-13%
of total of total of total
combustion air combustion air combustion air
1 Volatile Content
The combustion time of pulverized Coal increases as the volatiles
decreases (longer ignition distance) so low volatiles Coal must
grind more fine.
2 Fineness
Burning time and distance of Coal dust grain increases with its
square diameter
3 Ash Content
High ash content has retarding effect on burning time
(reduce coal dust concentration & absorbed heat )