Nutrition, Growth and Metabolism

Faculty: Dr. Alvin Fox

 KEY TERMS
Obligate aerobe Growth curve
Obligate anaerobe Glycolysis
Aerotolerant anaerobe Fermentation
Facultative anaerobe Anaerobic respiration
Microaerophilic Aerobic respiration
Siderophore Tricarboxylic acid
Mesophile (TCA)
Thermophile cycle or Krebs cycle
Psychrophile Oxidative
Generation time phosphorylation
Ubiquinone
Glyoxylate pathway
Bacterial requirements for growth
oxygen (or absence)
energy
nutrients
optimal temperature
optimal pH
 Obligate aerobes

grow in presence of oxygen

no fermentation
oxidative phosphorylation
 Obligate anaerobes
no oxidative phosphorylation
fermentation
killed by oxygen
lack certain enzymes
superoxide dismutase
O2-+2H+ H2O2
catalase
H2O2 H20 + O2
peroxidase
H2O2 H20 /NAD NADH
 Aerotolerant anaerobes

respire anaerobically
not killed by oxygen
 Facultative anaerobes
fermentation
aerobic respiration
survive in oxygen
Microaerophilic bacteria

grow
low oxygen
killed
high oxygen
 Optimal growth temperature
Mesophiles:
human body temperature
* pathogens
* opportunists
pyschrophile
close to freezing
thermophile
close to boiling
 pH

Many grow best at neutral pH

Some can survive/grow
- acid
- alkali
Nutrient Requirements
Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Metal ions (e.g. iron)
Siderophores (S)
Receptor

Fe 2+/S

Fe 2+/S
Measuring bacterial mass (live + dead)
in liquid culture

Turbidity
(Cloudiness)
Measuring viable bacteria
Colony forming units

colony
 Growth Curve

COLONY Stationary
FORMING
UNITS
Death
Log

Lag

TIME
 Growth Curve

TURBIDITY Stationary
(cloudiness)

Log Autolysis

Lag

TIME
Generation time
time for bacterial mass to double

Example
100 bacteria present at time 0
If generation time is 2 hr
After 8 hr mass = 100 x 24
 SUGAR CATABOLISM
Glycolysis
Embden Meyerhof Parnas Pathway
most bacteria
also animals and plants
 Other pathways for catabolizing
sugars
Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose
monophosphate shunt)
generates NADPH
common in plants and animals

Entner Doudoroff Pathway

a few bacterial species
 Glycolysis
NAD NADH
Glucose Pyruvate
C6 C3
ADP ATP
 Fermentation

NADH NAD
Pyruvate Short chain alcohols,
fatty acids
(C3) (C2-C4)
Anaerobic Respiration =
Glycolysis + Fermentation
NAD NADH
ATP
NADH NAD
Krebs Cycle (C4-C6 intermediate compounds)
NAD NADH
Pyruvate 3CO2
(C3) (C1)

Oxidative phosphorylation
NADH NAD
O2 H2O
ADP ATP
 Aerobic Respiration =
Glycolysis +
Krebs Cycle/oxidative phosphorylation

Pyruvate to CO2
NAD to NADH
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
NADH to NAD
ADP to ATP
Oxidative phosphylation
converts O2 to H20 (oxidative)
converts ADP to ATP (phosphorylation)
electron transport chain
ubiquinones/cytochrome intermediates
 The Krebs cycle
Acetate C2
-CO2
+
Isocitrate X
C
Pyruvate C6 -CO2 NADH
Citrate
Alpha-keto
Oxaloacetate C4 glutarate
-CO2 NADH

Malate x
Succinate C
Fumarate
 Krebs Cycle - sugar as sole
carbon source
Acetate + Krebs
-CO2 cycle
Oxalo
Pyruvate C2 Citrate
C4 acetate
C C6
C3 -2CO2
BIOSYNTHESIS ENERGY
STORAGE
X
Oxalo
acetate
Aspartic acid

+ CO2
Pyruvate Oxaloacetate
C3 C C4
Krebs Cycle fatty acids as
sole carbon source
ENERGY
Acetate Krebs
Fatty acids + Oxalo cycle
Citrate
acetate
BIOSYNTHESIS
-2CO2

x
Oxalo
acetate Aspartic acid
C2
Isocitrate Succinate + Glyoxylate C2
-2CO2
+ Acetate
C6 C4 Malate C4
The Glyoxylate and Krebs cycles

Isocitrate
Citrate
1 Alpha-keto
Glyoxylate glutarate
Oxaloacetate
2
Acetate
Malate Succinate
Fumarate
 Krebs Cycle
biosynthetic
energy storage

Removal of intermediates
must be replenished.
Unique enzymatic replenishment pathways
sugars
fatty acids