Digital Circuit and Logic

Design

Chapter 1
Introduction to Digital
Concepts

1
Introduction to Digital
Technology
Digital technology is widely used. Examples:
Computers
Telecommunications
Manufacturing systems
Medical Science
Transportation
Entertainment

2
Analog Representations
A continuously variable, proportional indicator.

Examples of analog representation:

Sound through a microphone causes voltage

changes.
Automobile speedometer changes with

speed.
Mercury thermometer varies over a range of

values with temperature.

3
Digital Representation
Varies in discrete (separate) steps.
Examples of digital representation:
Passing time is shown as a change in the

display on a digital clock at one minute

intervals.
A change in temperature is shown on a

digital display only when the temperature

changes at least one degree.

4
Digital and Analog Systems
Digital system
A combination of devices that manipulate values
represented in digital form.
Analog system
A combination of devices that manipulate values
represented in analog form

5
Analog Electronic System

6
Advantages of digital
Ease of design
Well suited for storing information.
Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain
Programmable operation
Ease of fabrication on IC chips
Less affected by noise

7
Limitation of digital
techniques
The world is analog
The analog nature of the world requires a time
consuming conversion process:
Convert the physical variable to an electrical

signal (analog).
Convert the analog signal to digital form.

Process (operate on) the digital information

Convert the digital output back to real-world

analog form.

8
Digital and Analog Systems
Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) and digital-to-
analog conversion (DAC) complicate circuitry.

9
Digital and Analog Systems
Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) and digital-to-
analog conversion (DAC) complicate circuitry.

CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

10
Digital Mobile Phone

11
Digital Circuits/Logic Circuits
Digital circuits - produce and respond to
predefined voltage ranges.
Logic circuits used interchangeably with the
term, digital circuits.
Digital integrated circuits (ICs) provide logic
operations in a small reliable package.

12
Digital Computers
A system of hardware that performs arithmetic
operations, manipulates data (usually in binary
form), and makes decisions.
Computers perform operations based on
instructions in the form of a program at high speed
and with a high degree of accuracy.

13
Binary Digits
Two digits in BINARY system, 1 and 0, called BIT
(Binary digit)
Positive Logic: HIGH=1, LOW=0
Negative Logic: LOW=1, HIGH=0
Code: Groups of bits to represent numbers,
letters, symbols, instructions, etc.

14
Logic level ranges of voltage for
a digital circuit

15
Representing Binary Quantities
Open and closed switches
Paper Tape
Light bulb (off or on)
Diode (conducting or not conducting)
Relay (energized or not energized)
Transistor (cutoff or saturation)
Photocell (illuminated or dark)

16
 Digital Signals and Timing
Diagrams
Timing diagrams show voltage versus time.

Horizontal scale represents regular intervals of

time beginning at time zero.

Timing diagrams are used to show how digital

signals change with time.

Timing diagrams are used to compare two or

more digital signals.

The oscilloscope and logic analyzer are used to

Clock produce timing diagrams.

B
17
C
Digital Waveforms
HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positivegoing pulse (b) Negativegoing pulse

Ideal pulses.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width

10%
Ringing

Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Nonideal pulse
Rise time Fall time
18

characteristics.
Periodic and Nonperiodic Wave

19
Pulse Width and Duty Cycle
Volts
Duty Cycle = (tw/T)100 %

Pul
Amplitude se
(A) widt
h Time
(tW Period,
) T

20
Digital Waveform Carries Binary
Information

21
Serial and parallel transfer of
binary data

Computer Printer

Computer Modem

22
Basic Logic Operations and
Symbols

23
NOT Operation

24
AND Operation

25
OR Operation

26
Basic Logic Functions
Comparison Function
Arithmetic Functions
Code conversion function
Encoding function
Decoding function
Data selection function
Data storage function
Counting function

27
Comparator

28
Adder

29
Encoder

30
Decoder

31
Data Selection

32
Storage Function

33
Storage Function

34
Counting Function

35
Fixed-Function Integrated
Circuits

36
SMT package configurations
Ball-grid array (BGA) package

38
 Pin numbering

PLCC: Plastic Leaded Chip

Carrier
Dual inline package or Small outline integrated LCCC: Leaded Ceramic Chip
39 Carrier
circuit 39
Integrated Circuit Technologies
TTL 5v. High (Transistor-Transistor Logic)
- ECL Emitter-coupled logic
CMOS 3.3v High complementary metal

oxide semiconductor
NMOS N-channel-MOS

SSI and MSI use TTL or CMOS, SSI(Small-Scale

Integration) Less than 100 transistors on a chip,

MSI (Medium Scale Integration) Between 100 and
3,000 transistors
VLSI and ULSI use CMOS or NMOS

40
Programmable Logic Devices
(PLD)
Programmable logic devices can replace fixed-
function logic
- the major advantage is that the logic function of
the PLD can be changed without rewiring.
SPLD (Simple Programmable Logic Devices)
CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Devices)

41
Programmable logic.

42
Types of SPLD
PAL (Programmable Array Logic)
GAL (Generic Array Logic)
PLA (Programmable Logic Array)
PROM (Programmable Read-only Memory)

43
Block diagrams of SPLD

44
Typical CPLD package
CPLDs are made using 2 to 64 SPLDs

45
General block diagram of a CPLD

46
Basic structure of an FPGA

47
PLD programming
Schematic Entry
Text-Based Entry

48
Programmable logic design flow
block diagram

49
Basic setup for programming a
PLD or FPGA

50
Test Equipment
Analog Oscilloscope
Digital Oscilloscope
Logic Analyzer
Logic Probe, Pulser, and Current Probe
DC Power Supply
Function Generator
Digital Multimeter

51
Oscilloscope

52
Analog and digital oscilloscope
operation

53
Two logic analyzer display
modes

54
Typical multichannel logic
analyzer probe

55
Typical signal generators

56
Logic Analyzer

57
Logic Probe

58
Logic Probe

59
Typical test instruments

60
Tablet-counting and bottling
control system

61