Lecture 4:

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation (Ch.9);

Photosynthesis (Ch.10)

20/22 September 2017

 Learning Outcomes (11)
Students should be able to
K31: state the region and describe the three stages of
cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
K32: explain the role of electron transport chain in
cellular respiration
K33: explain where and how the respiratory electron
transport chain creates a proton gradient
K34: compare aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration,
and fermentation
 Learning Outcomes (11)

Students should be able to

K35: describe chloroplast structure
K36: compare two stages of photosynthesis
K37: discribe electron movement in the linear electron flow
K38: discribe electron movement in the cyclic electron flow
K39: discribe roles of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle
K40: discribe consequences of photorespiration
K41: discribe two adaptation to minimize photorespiration
 Outlines
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorilation (Electron Transport
Pathway; Chemiosmosis)
Fermentation and Anaerobic Respiration
Photosynthesis
Chloroplast Structure
Light Reaction (Electron Flows)
Calvin Cycle
Photosynthetic Adaptation
 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

How do these leaves power the work of life for this

giraffe?
 The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview

K31: Students should be able to state the region and describe the three stages
of cellular respiration in eukaryoyic cells.
 1. Glycolysis
harvests chemical Energy investment phase

energy by oxidizing Glucose

glucose to pyruvate
2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP used

Energy payoff phase

4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed

2 NAD+ + 4 e + 4 H+ +
2 NADH + 2 H

2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O

Net
Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O

The energy input and 4 ATP formed 2 ATP used 2 ATP

output of glycolysis 2 NAD+ + 4 e + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+

K31
 2. After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle
completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic
molecules
-Oxidation of pyruvate to acetylCoA
-CitricCYTOSOL
Acid cycle MITOCHONDRION

NAD+ NADH + H+

1 3
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate CO2 Coenzyme A

Transport protein

K31: Students should be able to state the region and describe the three stages
of cellular respiration in eukaryoyic cells.
 The citric acid cycle, Pyruvate

also called the Krebs CO2

NAD+
cycle, takes place CoA
NADH
within the + H+ Acetyl CoA
mitochondrial matrix CoA

The cycle oxidizes CoA

organic fuel derived

from one pyruvate,
generating 1 ATP, 3 Citric
acid
NADH, and 1 FADH2 cycle 2 CO2

per turn FADH2 3 NAD+

FAD 3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i

ATP

K31
K31
 NADH

3. During oxidative 50
2 e
phosphorylation, NAD+
FADH2

chemiosmosis couples 2 e FAD

Multiprotein
electron transport to ATP 40 FMN
FAD complexes

synthesis FeS FeS

Q

Cyt b
FeS
30
Cyt c1 IV
Cyt c

The Pathway of Cyt a

Cyt a3
20
Electron Transport

10 2 e
(from NADH
or FADH2)

0 2 H+ + 1/2 O2

H2O
K32; K33
Chemiosmosis: The Energy-
Coupling Mechanism

K32; K33
 H+
H+

H+
H+
Protein complex Cyt c
of electron
carriers

V
Q

ATP
synthase

2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O
FADH2
FAD

NADH NAD+
ADP + P i ATP
(carrying electrons
from food)
H+

1 Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation

K32: Students should be able to explain the role of electron transport chain in cellular
respiration; K33: Students should be able to explain where and how the respiratory
electron transport chain creates a proton gradient
An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
 4. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to
produce ATP without the use of oxygen

Anaerobic respiration
uses an electron transport chain
does not use oxygen as a final electron acceptor
at the end of the chain (e.g. sulfate ion SO42- by
product H2S instead of H2O)
Fermentation
does not use an electron transport chain
Uses glycolysis to produce ATP
 Types of Fermentation

2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP

Glucose Glycolysis

2 Pyruvate
2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 CO2
+ 2 H+

2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde
(a) Alcohol fermentation

K34: Students should be able to compare aerobic respiration, anaerobic

respiration, and fermentation
 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP

Glucose Glycolysis

2 NAD+ 2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 Pyruvate

2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation

K34: Students should be able to compare aerobic respiration, anaerobic

respiration, and fermentation
 Photosynthesis

Autotrophs are self-feeders (auto- means self, and trophos

means feeder); they sustain themselves without eating
anything derived from other living beings.
 Chloroplast

5. Photosynthesis
converts light energy to
the chemical energy of
food
Outer
membrane
Thylakoid
Intermembrane
Stroma Granum Thylakoid space
space
Inner
membrane

K35: Students should be able to 1 m

describe chloroplast structure
NADP: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
K36: Students should be able to compare two stages of photosynthesis
 6. The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP
and NADPH
Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light

Excited
e state
Energy of electron

Heat

Photon
(fluorescence)
Photon Ground
Chlorophyll state
molecule

(a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence

K36: Students should be able to compare two stages of photosynthesis

 A Photosystem: A
Photosystem STROMA
Reaction-Center Photon
Complex Associated Light-harvesting Reaction-center Primary
electron
with Light-Harvesting complexes complex
acceptor
Complexes

- Photosystem II
The reaction- Thylakoid membrane
center chlorophyll e
a of PS II is called
P680

- Photosystem I
The reaction-
center chlorophyll Transfer Special pair of Pigment
a of PS I is called of energy chlorophyll a molecules
molecules
P700 THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
K36
 Linear Electron Flow

Primary
Primary 4 acceptor 7
acceptor Fd
Pq e
2 e 8
H2O e e NADP+
Cytochrome
2 H+ NADP+ + H+
complex
+ reductase
1/ O 3 NADPH
2 2
Pc
e
e P700
P680 5 Light

1 Light 6

ATP

Pigment
molecules
Photosystem I
(PS I)
Photosystem II
(PS II)
Pq: plastoquinone
Pc: plastocyanin

K37: Students should be able to discribe electron movement in the linear

electron flow
 Cyclic Electron Flow

Primary
Primary acceptor
Fd
acceptor Fd
NADP+
Pq
NADP+ + H+
reductase
Cytochrome NADPH
complex

Pc

Photosystem I
Photosystem II ATP
Fd: Ferredoxin
Pq: plastoquinone
Pc: plastocyanin

K38: Students should be able to discribe electron movement in the cyclic

electron flow
 STROMA
(low H+ concentration) Cytochrome
Photosystem II Photosystem I
complex
4 H+ Light NADP+
Light reductase
Fd 3
NADP+ + H+

Pq NADPH

e Pc
e 2
H2O
THYLAKOID SPACE 1 1/
2 O2
(high H+ concentration) +2 H+ 4 H+

To
Calvin
Cycle

Thylakoid
membrane ATP
synthase
STROMA
ADP
(low H+ concentration)
+ ATP
Pi
H+

K36; K39: Students should be able to discribe roles of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin
cycle
 7. The Calvin Input 3
CO2
(Entering one
at a time)

cycle uses ATP

and NADPH to Phase 1: Carbon fixation

convert CO2 to Rubisco

sugar 3 P
Short-lived
P

intermediate
3P P 6 P
Ribulose bisphosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate
(RuBP) 6 ATP

6 ADP

3 ADP Calvin
Cycle
6 P P
3 ATP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH
Phase 3:
Regeneration of 6 NADP+
the CO2 acceptor 6 Pi
(RuBP)
5 P
G3P
6 P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Phase 2:
(G3P) Reduction

1 P Glucose and
Output G3P other organic
(a sugar)
K36; K39: Students should be able to discribe roles of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin compounds

cycle
 8. Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have
evolved in hot, arid climates
Photorespiration

In most plants (C3 plants), initial fixation of CO2,

via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound
In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of
CO2 in the Calvin cycle
Photorespiration consumes O2 and organic fuel
and releases CO2 without producing ATP or
sugar

K 40: Students should be able to discribe consequences of photorespiration

 C4 Plants
C4 leaf anatomy The C4 pathway

Mesophyll
Mesophyll cell cell CO2
Photosynthetic PEP carboxylase
cells of C4 Bundle-
plant leaf sheath
cell
Oxaloacetate (4C) PEP (3C)
Vein ADP
(vascular tissue)
Malate (4C) ATP

Pyruvate (3C)
Bundle-
Stoma sheath CO2
cell

Calvin
Cycle

Sugar

Vascular
tissue
PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate

K41: Students should be able to discribe two adaptation to minimize photorespiration

CAM
(Crassulacean
Acid Metabolism)
Plants

Sugarcane Pineapple
C4 CAM
CO2 CO2
Mesophyll 1 CO2 incorporated Night
cell Organic acid into four-carbon Organic acid
organic acids
(carbon fixation)

Bundle- CO2 CO2 Day

sheath
cell
2 Organic acids
Calvin release CO2 to Calvin
Cycle Calvin cycle Cycle

Sugar Sugar

(a) Spatial separation of steps (b) Temporal separation of steps

K41
 Summary

1. Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing

glucose to pyruvate
2. The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding
oxidation of organic molecules
3. During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis
couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
4. Fermentation and anaerobic
respiration enable cells to produce ATP without
the use of oxygen
 Summary

5. Photosynthesis converts light energy to the

chemical energy of food
6. The light reactions convert solar energy to the
chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
7. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert
CO2 to sugar
8. Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have
evolved in hot, arid climates
 Next Week

Quiz 2 (Cellular Respiration - Meiosis and Sexual Life

Cycle I)
Lecture Topics
Cell Cycle (Ch. 12)
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycle I (Ch. 13)