Cell Phones and Computers

History

Cellular: A type of wireless communication that is

most familiar to mobile phones users. It's called
'cellular' because the system uses many base
stations to divide a service area into multiple 'cells'.
Cellular calls are transferred from base station to
base station as a user travels from cell to cell.
(Bellis)
 The First Model
First concept introduced in 1947
Incorporated technology from car phones
Purely theoretical
No technology existed to support it
 The FCC

The Federal Communications Committee

Queried by AT&T for allocation of radio
frequencies
Supposed to motivate research
Suggested business profit capability
Granted limited amount
 The Problem

The FCC was too wary of the new

technology
Only allocated enough to sustain 23
conversations in one cell area
Not suitable for large profit
Inhibited research and progress
 1968

FCC reconsiders
if the technology to build a better mobile
service works, we will increase the
frequencies allocation, freeing the
airwaves for more mobile phones. (Bellis)
AT&T and Bell Labs propose theories
Still no existing technology
 Dr. Martin Cooper

Researcher for Motorola

Credited with inventing the first cellular
phone
1973 made the first call to rival Joel Engel,
Head Researcher from Bell Labs
Motorola first to use cell technology
without the use of an automobile
 AT&T Follows Suit

1977 introduced their own patent

1978 tested in Chicago with a trial of over
2,000
Technology of the cell phone
How it works

They operate between cells and switch

cells as a person moves around.
When you make a call on your cell phone,
it is wirelessly linked to the telephone
network via these towers so your call can
be connected.
Towers
Each tower, or base station,
covers a roughly circular area
called a cell
This allows different base
stations to use the same
frequencies, or channels, for
communication links as long as
a sufficient distance separates
them. This is known as
frequency re-use, and allows
thousands or even hundreds of
thousands of mobile telephone
users in a metropolitan area to
share far fewer channels
Making a call
Transmits the number along with a request for
service signal.
It then transmits this information on the
strongest reverse control channel where the
MTSO checks the information and assigns it to a
voice channel.
The cell site will then open a voice channel and
transmit a SAT which is then locked onto the
mobile and transmitted back to the cell site.
The info is then confirmed and sends a mobile
message as either a busy signal or a ringback.
3 generations of mobile
technology:

1. Analog
2. Digital
3. Smart phones
 Analog System

The first generation of mobile technology

is the analog cellular system
Increase in the number of available
channels
The cell-phone carrier receives about 800
frequencies to use across a city.
The carrier chops up the city into cells,
each cell is about 10 square miles and are
on a giant hexagon grid.
Cell Grid
Each cell consists of a
base tower through
which signals are sent
and received.
Each cell uses 1/7 of
the available channels
so its frequency is
unique and the
signals dont collide.
2G Digital Transmission
Increase in the number of available channels
within a given bandwidth.
It compresses your voice into binary information
which allows 3-10 digital phones to occupy the
space of one single analog call.
Frequency shift keying sends data back and
forth over AMPS using 2 alternate frequencies,1s
and 0s, alternating rapidly between the two to
send digital information between the cell tower
and the phone.
They have a lot of processing power.
Sharing technologies 2G & 3G

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

Puts each call on a separate frequency.
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Assigns each call a certain amount of time on
its designated frequency.
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Gives each call its own unique code and
spreads it over the available frequencies
FDMA
TDMA

CDMA
3G Smart phones
Intended for true multimedia use- referred to as
smart phones
Smart phones are intended to allow you to use
other programs on the phone that you couldnt
use with a standard phone.
Increased bandwidth and has transfer rates to
accommodate the internet.
It contains many cellular technologies but the 3
most common are: Code Division Multiple
Access, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access,
and Time-division Synchronous Code-division
Multiple Access.
Analog
Digital Smart phone
Taking it apart
Circuit board brains
of the phone
Antenna
Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD)
Keyboard
Microphone
Speaker
Battery
Circuit board

Contains an analog-to-
digital and digital-to-
analog conversion chip
which translates the
outgoing audio signal
from analog to digital
and the incoming signal Front Back

from digital back to

analog.
LCD, keypad, and other parts
Speaker,
Thinner, lighter, use microphone and
less battery power
battery backups
than other displays
Microprocessor & Flash memory
The microprocessor deals with
command and control signaling
with the base station. It also
coordinates the functions of the
keyboard and display.

The flash memory and ROM

chips provide storage for the
operating system and
customizable phone features.
Some phones use internal
memory to store info while
others use the external memory
card.
Four Main Carriers
Verizon Wireless
T-Mobile
Cingular
Sprint/Nextel
 Comparing Plans
Plan Cost Minutes Overage Nights & Extra
Cost Weekends
Verizon $39.99 450 $0.45/ Free 9pm Mobile to
Basic Per Min Nights & Mobile
Weekends
T-Mobile $29.99 300 $0.40/ Per Free None
Basic Min Weekends
T-Mobile $39.99 300 $0.40/ Per Free Free to 5
MyFave Min Weekends numbers
Basic $39.99 450 $0.45/ Per Rollover
Cingular Min Mobile to
Mobile
Basic Sprint $29.99 200 $5 for 30 Free 7pm None
Min plus Nights &
$0.20 after Weekends
500 min
Basic Nextel $49.99 400 N/A Free 9pm Free Nextel
Nights & Walkie-
Weekends Talkie
Add-ons for Phones
Text Messaging Maps
Multimedia News & Weather
Messaging Custom Ring Tones
E-mail Ring Back Tones
Internet Video Player
Instant Messaging
MP3 Player