Electrical Circuit Analysis

Description of Electrical Circuit Concept

Electricity comes from electron word
meaning amber. If an amber is rubbed with
silk cloth, hence stone will be able to draw
light substances like paper rip. From the
thing hence told the amber charges
electricity.
Coulombs Law

Level of interaction
force between two
point objects loading
electricity is
comparing straight
with multiplication
between each cargoes
and inversely
proportional with
interval square both
the point charges.
Coulomb torsion scale
For residing in electrical charge vacuum chamber
( vacuum) :

F= k X ( q1.q2/r2)

For residing in cargo medium to be dielectric :

F= k/ke X ( q1.q2/r2)
Description :
F : big of interaction force experienced by the unit cargo
Newton ( Nitrogen).
q1,q2 : big each cargo, its(the unit Coulomb ( C)
ke : dielectric constant from medium ( relative
permittivity).
k : konstanta benchmarking
the price of constanta is taken : 9. 109Nm/coulomb2
e0 : vacuum chamber permittivity ( vacuum) : 8,9. 10-12
C2/nm2
r : interval both electrical charges, its(the unit meter ( m )

The relation of k with to is : Ke = / 0

Faraday Law

A line of force in an electric field is a

line of force described if tangent line in
each point of his showing direction of
electric field to the point.

Direction of Line of force

Oersted Law

If electrical charge flows through conductor

cord, hence will arise magnetic influence is
around cord is having current the. This
magnetic influence can draw other magnetic
material. If iron powder is put down around
cord is having current hence the iron
powder would having direction regularly.
Oersted Experiment
 Around permanent
magnetic field or
conductor cord is
having current is
magnetic field district.
Vector in the magnetic
field is symbolized with
B or called as with
induction of magnetic
field. In SI, set of
Dislocation stress field magnetic induction B is
is around cord is having Tesla.
current
Ohms Law

If difference potential at the end of

defensible cord of constant, hence will
generate electrical charge flow or so-
called with electric current flow. definition
of Electric current ( I) be number of
cargoes ( Q) final electricity in conductor
every set of time ( t). So 1 Ampere equal to
1 coulomb per second.

I=Q/t
Ohms Law Express that strain V between tip of
resistances is proportional with current I is
passing it.
The connection written down as :
V = R.I
where :
V : strain, in Volt, V
I : current, in Ampere, A
R : resistance, in Ohm
Ohms law Drawing
 Kirchoffs Law

Law Kirchoff 1 is Law Kirchoff About Current

( KCL).

Algebraic sum overall of current which

towards point of ramification is null. Point of
ramification is point of meeting of three or
more current to or from element of circuit or
source of strain
I1 + I2 + I4 = I3 or I1 + I2 I3 + I4 = 0
 Law Kirchoff 2

Law Kirchoff about strain ( KVL)

Algebraic sum overall of voltage drop ( voltage

drops) in a closed circuit ( loop) what read is
one way certainness equal to null
The concerned voltage drop in punishing the in
the connection one wayly is certain is as
follows :
 For Element
of Resistance
If strain read from + to -, with direction of the
same read with direction of current I flowing,
hence the price of V=RI is voltage drop. To
comprehend it says the word positive (+) at V
and says the word positive (+) at RI. While if
read of strain at variance with direction of
current gives signal (-) V or (-) RI
 For Source
of Voltage
If(when direction of read from a to b, it is therefore
a voltage reducer gives positive signal at V. Or
equally, if according to direction of read + from
source of strain, writes positive V. Returned if
read from pole source of strain hence V is
written with negative signal.
 Alternating Current
Circuit
Electromotive force can be yielded by
peripatetic coil between magnetic field.
Electromotive force ( ggl) what yielded in the
form of describable strain as follows :

Alternating voltage graph

Voltage changing with time like drawing is upper often
is called as with alternating voltage ( AC = Alternating
Current).
If the coil rotated with angular frequency , hence
equation of continuity of alternating voltage can
expressed denganfungsi sinusoida as follows:

V(t) = Vm . sin t.

Where :
V(t) : momentary voltage, in set of volt
Vm : maximum voltage, in set of volt
: angular frequency, in set of radian/second
t : time, in set of second
Relation between angular frequency () with
frequency ( f) be :
= 2f

Where :
f : frequency, in set of Hertz ( Hertz), with frequency
is selenium one per periodic (T), in set of second.
Source of alternating voltage yielded by generator AC. In
alternating voltage is recognized some magnitudes, what
formulated as follows :
1. Momentary strain ( Vt) be strain at one time ( t) second.
2. Maximum strain ( Vm) be strain with the price of maximum
from nominal stress.
3. Tops strain ( Vpp) be maximum strain difference with
minimum strain, formulated with :
Vpp = 2. Vm
4. Mean voltage (Vaverage) be mean stress that is often is
applied, formulated with :
Vaverage = 2Vm /
5. Effective stress ( Vef) be strain root mean square ( rms) or
meaning root mean square strain. Effective stress value can
be formulated with :
V efektif =Vm / 2
Momentary current : i(t);
Maximum current : im
Peak to peak current : ipp = 2. im
Average current : iaverage
Arus efektif : iefektif
Resistor Circuit (R)

Preventive reactor payload that is incircuit with source of

alternating stress, hence strain at tip of preventive
reactors can expressed with formula :
V = Vm . sin t.
Neglectfully induced GGL arising at preventive reactor,
level of electric current flowing through determinable
preventive reactor with equation of continuity ohms
law :
I = V/R
I = Vm sin t/R
By changing magnitude Vm/R = im ( maximum
current), hence equation of continuity can be written
down :
I = im . sin t.
 Graph V and I for preventive reactor circuit

From graph is upper seen that V and I reachs

maximum value, zero and a minimum of at the time of
at the same. In the situation that way, told that V and i
has the same phase ( as of phase).
Inductor Circuits (L)

Alternating voltage difference at tip of inductor

circuits expressed with :
V = Vm . sin t.
Electric current can be written down again with equation
of continuity :
I = Im sin ( t /2 )

Graph the relation of V and i inductor circuit

Circuit Capasitor ( C)

A capasitor with capacitance C attributed to source of

alternating stress V = Vm sin t.

I = Im cos t

Graph V and i for circuit capasitor

 Impedansi R, L Dan C

V = Vm .sin (t + ),
Where:
Vm = Maximum Voltage
= Phase difference
between strains V and
current I
AC Source
Circuit impedance magnitude RLC, symbolised with Z,
with equation of continuity :
Z = R2 + ( XL + XC )

In sisten SI, unit for Z is ohm ( O) . big of angle ( F )

determinable also by using equation of continuity :

tg = ( XL + XC ) / R
Break Even Resonance

Series circuit RLC in a state of that way happened

resonance. Level of determinable resonant
frequency with :

= 1/ LC

because = 2pf, hence level of knowable resonant

frequency with equation of continuity :

F = (1/(2) ) ( 1/LC )
This cos magnitude called as with work factor
( power factor), and series circuit RLC applies :

cos = R / Z

For pure resistance the price of cos = 1, while for

pure inductor applied cos = 0. as does direct current
circuit, energy losing at alternating current to earn also
expressed with equation of continuity :

Paverage = I efektif. R or
Paverage = (V efektif/Z).cos
ELECTROMAGNETIC

The concerned electromagnetic is magnet arising at

one particular diametrical conductor or coil when flown
[by] electric current. Based on electron theory tells that
electron in peripatetic conductor cord from negativity
pole () to positive pole (+), but understanding of
electric current according to agreement ( agreement or
convention) that is electric current flows from positive
pole (+) towards to negativity pole (). This thing is
important in order to be known because every word of
current means current according to agreement flowing
from positive to negativity.
Experiment proves existence of electromagnet
dislocation stress field
 Magnet Line Of Force and Magnetic flux

Bar magnet line of force

Horse poultice magnet
line of force
 Magnetic Field from
Diametrical Conductor

Using small compass

Using right hand rule
Direction of current in signal (+) avoids us
and (-) towards us
Magnetic Field from
Current Element

Direction of current to non conductor straight : ( 1)

electromagnet dislocation stress field a circuit, ( 2)
electromagnet dislocation stress field at coil conductor, ( 3)
electromagnet dislocation stress field at coil
Determines pole of magnet from coil
Electrical Power Plant

THE END