Mendelian Principles doesnt apply to all cases

of Inheritance.

There are deviations from Mendelian

Inheritance .

Linked genes :Gene Inheritance in which genes

that are close together on the same
chromosome are frequently inherited
together.
Criteria for saying it is linked genes.

Each chromosome has many genes.

Pea plants have seven chromosomes .

Genes located on different chromosomes , then

we get a ratio of 9:3:3:1.

If deviation from 9:3:3:1 then the genes are

linked and are inherited together.
 All the seven traits were located on different
chromosomes.

Mendel was a lucky person

 Morgan and his Drosophila: Mendels
hypothesis is rejected in Morgans
experiments
 Thomas Hunt Morgan
Provided convincing evidence that chromosomes
are the location of Mendels heritable factors

Morgan worked with fruit flies

Because they breed at a high rate
A new generation can be bred every two weeks
They have only four pairs of chromosomes
Wild type
female
Gray body ( b+ b+
Normal wings vg+ vg+

Mutant type
Black body
Vestigial wing male

(b b vg vg)
 Test cross

male
b+ b vg+ vg
b b vg vg
What is
parental type
offspring and
recombinant
type offspring
?

Predicted ratios :

Test cross
1:1:1:1

(If genes are located

on different
chromosomes )
Recombinant phenotypes.
 Recombination frequency: recombinants
Total offspring

Recombination Frequency % = recombinants *100

Total offspring

Linked genes exhibit recombinant frequency less

than 50%

Farther two genes

Closer two genes on the same chromosome.-?
 Why non parental phenotypes occur ?
 Non sister
chromatids

These are a pair of

homologous chromosomes
Non sister chromatids
 A homologous pair of
parental chromosomes
(e.g. chromosome 7) Gene re-assortment by
crossing-over

In meiosis I each chromosome duplicates

producing two sister chromatids

Crossing-over meiosis II
(Recombination)
Crossing over produces
new allele combinatons
Recombinant
gametes ARE
PRODUCED

Gametes
 Unlinked genes
Linked genes
-present on different
-present on the same chromosome ( or far apart
chromosome ( very on the same chromosome)
near)
-law of independent
-law of independent assortment holds true
assortment does
- Recombinant offspring due
not hold true
to random arrangement of
- Recombinant chromosomes at
variety due to metaphase
crossing over
-
- Recombination
frquency less than
50%
A fruit fly with long (normal)wings and red eyes is crossed
with one that has short wings and brown eyes. Both of
these parents are from pure-breeding lines (Homozygous
dominant and homozygous recessive ) Two of their
offspring were then crossed, and the F2 generation was
raised. The phenotypic ratio is as follows Brown long:
Brown short : Red long : Red Short =45:16:139:51.

A, Based on this information , is there that the genes

are located on same chromosome or different
Chromosome ?
b. What were the genotypes of the parents ?
c. Would the results have been different if one
parent were red, short and the other brown long ?
Test Cross reveals the effects of linkage.
 Linkage map(Genetic map) Is the actual map of a
chromosome based on recombination frequencies.
 1 cM (1 map unit ) corresponds to
recombination frequency of 1%
 In pea plants, the allele for flower color (purple
P and white p) and pollen shape (long L and
short l) are present on the same chromosome.
For an experiment to determine the
recombination frequency of the genes p and l,
the offsprings of the second cross are such that
871 have the genotype Ppll, 846 are ppLl, 2934
are PpLl and 2768 are ppll. On the basis of given
information, draw an appropriate cross and
determine the distance between p and l genes
Ppll-871; ppLl-846; PpLl- 2934 and ppll-2768
 X R = an X chromosome with the dominant,
red-eye allele,
X r = an X chromosome with the recessive,
white-eye allele,
Y = the Y chromosome, with no allele for eye
color.
XRXR
XrY
Morgans Expt.

X R = an X chromosome
with the dominant,
red-eye allele,
X r = an X chromosome
with the recessive,
white-eye allele,
Y = the Y
chromosome, with no
allele for eye color.

XRXr crossed XrY

 When a red eyed male
is crossed with a white
eyed female.

So the gene for the

trait eye color in
Drosophila resides on X
linked chromosome.
This inheritance is X
linked recessive
 Inheritance of X linked genes.
Males are hemizygous : X and Y chromosome.
Example Color blindness, Haemophilia

Fathers pass X linked alleles to all of their

daughters but to none of their sons.

In contrast , mothers pass X linked alleles to

both sons and daughters.
Transmittance of sex linked recessive
traits

1. Mother is a
homozygote
and father with
the disorder

Daughters normal phenotype

but will be carriers

2. Carrier mates
with a normal
male

-50% chance that each

daughter will be carrier
- 50% chance that each
son will have the disorder.
3. Carrier mates with colour
blind man

- 50% chance that each child

born to them will have the
disorder.