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Models
Gausian Dispersion Models
Dispersion Models
Practical and Potential Releases
Pasquil-Gifford Models
Stability classes
Dispersion coefficients
Plume Model
Puff
Integrated dose
Isopleths
Release Mitigation
Example
Practical and Potential Releases
During an accident process equipment can
release toxic materials very quickly.
Explosive rupture of a process vessel due to
excess pressure
Rupture of a pipeline with material under high
pressure
Rupture of tank with material above boiling point
Rupture of a train or truck following an accident.
Practical and Potential Releases
Identify the Design basis
What process situations can lead to a release, and
which are the worst situations
Source Model
What are the process conditions and hence what
will the state of the release and rate of release
Dispersion Model
Using prevailing conditions (or worst case)
determine how far the materials could spread
Types of Dispersion Models
Plume models were
originally developed
for dispersion from a
smoke stack.
In an emergency if
there is a leak in a
large tank then a
plume can develop.
Types of Dispersion Models
Puff models are
used when you have
essentially an
instantaneous
release and the
cloud is swept
downwind.
No significant plume
develops
Dispersion Models
Practical and Potential Releases
Pasquil-Gifford Models
Stability classes
Dispersion coefficients
Plume Model
Puff
Integrated dose
Isopleths
Release Mitigation
Example
Pasquil-Gifford Dispersion Models
Because of fluctuations and turbulence the
eddy diffusivity is constantly changing and
traditional transport phenomena equations
dont do a good job of predicting dispersion.
C ( x, y , z ) exp
2 y z u 2 y
1 z Hr 2 1 z Hr 2
exp exp
2 z 2 z
C ( x, y , z ) exp
2 y z u 2 y
1 z Hr 2
exp
2 z
Plume Model - Simplifications
If your source is at ground level Hr is
zero. Note the two terms add to two.
Results in Eq. 5-46
Qm 1 y2 z 2
C ( x, y , z ) exp 2 2
y z u
y
z
2
Dispersion Models
Practical and Potential Releases
Pasquil-Gifford Models
Stability classes
Dispersion coefficients
Plume Model
Puff
Integrated dose
Isopleths
Release Mitigation
Example
Puff Models
Often in accidents, the releases are
essentially instantaneous and no plume
develops. Need to use a different dispersion
model that is based on a puff.
Now need to have dispersion coefficient in
the wind direction. However, assume it is the
same as in the cross wind (y) direction.
Dispersion coefficients only defined for three
stability classes (Unstable, Neutral, Stable).
See bottom of Table 5-2.
Puff Model Puff at height Hr
Eq. 5-58 describes dispersion
Qm 1 y
2
C ( x, y , z ) exp
2 y
3
(2 ) 2 x y z
1 z Hr 2 1 z Hr 2
exp exp
2 z 2 z
1 x ut 2
exp
2 x
Puff Model - Simplification
Ground level source. Eq. 5-38
2
2
2
Qm 1 x ut y z
C ( x, y , z ) exp
2 x y z
3
2 2 x y z
Puff Model-Simplification
Coordinate system moves along with
puff. Eq. 5-54
Qm 1 y
2
C ( x, y , z ) exp
3
(2 ) x y z
2 2
y
1 z Hr 2 1 z Hr 2
exp exp
2 z 2 z
Dispersion Models
Practical and Potential Releases
Pasquil-Gifford Models
Stability classes
Dispersion coefficients
Plume Model
Puff
Integrated dose
Isopleths
Release Mitigation
Example
Integrated Dose
When a person is standing in a fixed
location and a puff passes over, he/she
receives a dose that is the time integral
of the concentration.
Dtid ( x, y, z ) C ( x, y, z, t )dt
0
Integrated Dose
For person on ground at distance y
cross wind, Eq. 5-43
Qm 1 y 2
Dtid ( x, y ,0) exp
y z u 2 2
y
Qm 1 y2 z 2
C ( x, y , z ) exp 2 2
y z u 2 y z
Solution
Ground level concentration, z=0
Centerline, y=0
Qm
C ( x,0,0)
y z u
C (3000,0,0)
s
3g
1.26 105 g m3
(172m)(63m) 7 m s