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Under the Guidance

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Professor ² PG Studies
 VONTENTS

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Ôntroduction
V The design of bituminous mixture by
Marshall Method involves the proportioning
of the aggregates and bitumen to produce a
mix that will have the optimum qualities and
properties such as
1) stability,
2) durability and
3) flexibility,
based on the climatic condition, traffic
density and loads it is intended to carry.
?actors affecting on property of
bituminous mix are :-:-
V Proper selection of aggregate.
V Proper selection of bitumen.
V Proper specifications.
V Proper mix design.
V Other factors like Heating Temperature &
Mixing time.
V Temperature of Vompaction & type of
Vompaction.
 Objective of present study
V & #"'$ #( ())(*# &) + $, -, ' &!. *#,
#(!.( #"( &  // &.(#( &) 0#"!&"
!-1#"!&" *&*(#(2

3
V Marshall Moulds were prepared and each specimen tested for
the following:
DBulk Specific Gravity, (Gb )
DAir Voids, (VV )
DVoids in Mineral Aggregate, (VMA)
DVoids ?illed with Bitumen, (V?B)
DMarshall Stability and
D?low
V Premix is one type of Hot mix asphalt
(HMA) widely used in road construction
worldwide.
V Premix is most popular as paving material
such as BV,SDBV,DBM etc« with
D high skid resistance,
D high comfortability and
D low maintenance cost
V The aggregate and asphalt will be
combined in an asphalt mixing plant in
which it will be
proportioned,
heated and
mixed to produce the desired paving
mixture at a # ' ' -,
#(!.( #"(
V The mix will be transported to site and
spread with paving machine in loosely
compacted layer to uniform , smooth
surface.
V Then the mix will be compacted by heavy
roller within the # ' '&!. *#&
(!.( #"(4To produce smooth and
well consolidated course.
# ' ' -,&!. *#,(!.( #"()&
'))((#, '(&)0#"!( .( &

Bitumen Bitumen Aggregate Mixed Laying Rolling temp

penetration Mixing Mixing material(°C) temp(°C) (°C)
(Maximum) (minimum) (minimum)

35 160-170 160-175 170 130 100

65 150-165 150-170 165 125 90

90 140-160 140-165 155 115 80

Effect of temperature on bituminous
pre--mix are ::--
pre
V Ôts effect on the mix constituents which changes
the viscosity and some of the properties of the
aggregate which affect both the spreading and
absorption of the bitumen.
V Ôts effect on the mixing, laying and compaction
operations as a result of these changes in the
properties of the mix .
V Surface layer has failed due to carelessness in
maintaining proper temperature during mixing
and compaction.
 Vauses for variation of mixing
Temperature:--
Temperature:
V Ômproper heating of
bitumen.
V Ômproper heating of
aggregate.
V Less mixing timing of
drum mixer or batch mix
plant
V Lower mixing
temperature means
lower operating cost.
V Running plant in rain and
cold environment.
Vauses for variation of compaction
Temperature:--
Temperature:
VMaximum hauling distance of mix.
VNo Ônsulation to truck beds.
VNo Place a tarpaulin over the truck
bed.
VOther factors like air temperature ,
wind velocity and humidity.
Effect of Ômproper Mixing or Vompaction
temperature
Ônfrared picture of an HMA storage
showing the silo loading a truck
and showing the hot uniform
temperature(>150[[
of the mix.
temperature(>150
truck dumping HMA showing
cold surface layer crust(blue)
the hot inner mass (red)
>150[ 
Red colour : >150[
Blue colour : 60- 70[[
60-70
 Driver covering his truck
bed with a tarpaulin
Photos taken from University of Washington &
National Venter for Asphalt Technology(NVAT)
  
 


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D Offer compressive and shear strength.
D Material retained on 2.36mm ÔS sieve
V
( ,,(, #(6
D ?ills the voids in the coarse aggregate.
D Material passing 2.36mm and retained on 0.075mm or 75 micron ÔS
sieve
V
//(6
D ?ills the voids between the fine aggregates.
D Material should pass through 0.075mm or 75 micron ÔS sieve
D ?iller taken in present study is Vement.
V '(6
D ?ills the voids, cause particle adhesion.(5)
 Aggregate gradation for BV mix Grade-
Grade-2 as
per MoRT&H table 500-
500-18
urading 2

Nominal aggregate size 13mm

Layer thickness 30-45mm

Cumulative % by weight of
I.S sieve(mm) Mid limit
total aggregate passing

Œ 100 Œ
Œ
5 79-100  7
7 70-88 9
897 53-71 5
5
 42-58 7
ŒŒ 34-48 8Œ
 26-38
5

18-28 5

Œ7 12-20 Œ
97 4-10 9
Bitumen content by mass of total
5.0-7.0
mix
Bitumen Grade (penetration) 65
(/! $/ 0& #&$+(#, #&62

?ollowing test has been done

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1. Specific gravity
i) Voarse aggregate 2.65
2.5-3
ii) ?ine aggregate 2.71

2. Aggregate impact value Max 24% 25.18 %

3. Los Angeles abrasion value Max 30% 28.76 %

?lakiness & Elongation index

4. Max 30% 31.80%
(combined)

5. Water absorption Max 2% 0.5 %

Stripping value (coating of bitumen

6. Min 95% 99 %
retained)
 
 
 


 

Sl. No. Material Results

1. V
 

2. 
   
 
 

9 
 

SI Requirements as per
Property Value
No. IS: 73-2002

1 @  

 V 66 60-70

  

2 51 45-55
 V

3    !V 
100+ 75 min

4   "
# 0.9944 0.99
       

 
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Π 
    
Œ8 

Voids filled Voids filled

Bitumen Bulk Density Total Air with Mineral with
Marshall Flow Value,
Content (ub) Voids (Vv) Aggregate Bitumen
Stability kg mm
(%) g/cm3 % (VMA) (VFB)
% %

 $  $ %% % $$&

5.50 1904 3.63 2.377 4.426 17.244 74.333

6.00 1852 3.83 2.374 3.902 17.869 78.211

$ & %  && & &%



 
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9 
 
Results of BC, urade - II mix Requirements as per
Marshall Properties
MoRT&H Specifications

›

'  V ( ) 5.70 Min 5 %

*
+

, 
 $V -
1919 900

. / 0
(

3.70 2 to 4

 -  ( 1
 2.38 ----

2 0'( 0# ) 4.547 3 to 6

0*2( ) 17.78 14

0.( ) 74.427 65 to 75
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(!.( #"(&  //&.(#(62
//&.(#(62

?or 60/70 grade bitumen ,

The maximum mixing temperature is 165°V and Minimum

compaction temperature is 90°V as per MoRT&H.

?or the present study we varied mixing temperature 130°V,

157.5°V & 180°V and also we varied compaction
temperature 70°V , 90°V,110°V& 130°V.
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 Marshall Requirement as
Results at varying Compaction temperature
properties per MoRT&H

Temperature(°C) 70°C 90°C 110°C 130°C

Blow     75

Optimum
Binder     5-7
Content (%)

Stability (kg) 3 % & %& 900

Flow (mm) 3 %  %% 2-4

Bulk
% 3  $ -----------
Density(g/cc)
Total air voids,
3$%  3& % 3-6
Vv %

VMA, % % $$ 33 $ 13

VFB,% $&& $3%% $& 33 65-75

Observation made from test and table

V Bitumen is having high viscosity thereby Mixing (i.e.

Workability) is difficult at 130°V temperature and high
total air voids.
V Bulk Specific gravity value at mixing temperature 70°V,
90°V, 110°V and 130°V were found to be 2.242, 2.293,
2.332 and 2.376.
V Stability value at mixing temperature 70°V, 90°V, 110°V
and 130°V were found to be 930, 1124, 1282 and 1458.
  //&.(#(0$
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#"(&)Œ797
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 Marshall Requirement as
Results at varying Compaction temperature
properties per MoRT&H

Temperature(°C) 70°C 90°C 110°C 130°C

Blow     75

Optimum
Binder     5-7
Content (%)

Stability (kg) $% $ & &33 900

Flow (mm)   & % 2-4

Bulk
  3% 3% -----------
Density(g/cc)
Total air voids,
&$ %&  %3 3-6
Vv %

VMA, % &3 $$ $&& $&% 13

VFB,% $3 $ 3 33 65-75

Observation made from test and table
V Bulk Specific gravity value at compaction temperature 70°V,
90°V, 110°V and 130°V were found to 2.335, 2.372, 2.394
and 2.394.
V Stability value at compaction temperature 70°V, 90°V, 110°V
and 130°V were found to be 1264, 1617, 1850 and 1899,
which gives maximum stability
V With the increase in compaction temperature from 70 to
130°V degrees the air voids are reduced by
5.861,4.358,3.501 and 3.497% respectively, Due to reduction
in air voids there is increase in V?B
  //&.(#(0$
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#"(&)Œ
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 Marshall Requirement as
Results at varying Compaction temperature
properties per MoRT&H

Temperature(°C) 70°C 90°C 110°C 130°C

Blow     75

Optimum
Binder     5-7
Content (%)

Stability (kg)   && $3 900

Flow (mm)   % %% 2-4

Bulk
$ $  & -----------
Density(g/cc)

Total air voids,

$ % %& % 3-6
Vv %

VMA, % 3$ &3& 33  13

VFB,% $$& %$ %3 3& 65-75

Observation made from test and table
V Bitumen losses its physical properties (rheological
property) at high temperature of 180°V therefore
less stability and bulk density compared to mixing
temperature 157.5 °V

V BulkSpecific gravity value at compaction

temperature 70°V, 90°V, 110°V and 130°V were
found to 2.326, 2.356, 2.373 and 2.387.

V Stability
value at compaction temperature 70°V,
90°V, 110°V and 130°V were found to be 1101,
1151, 1588 and 1619.





D Results of physical properties of the aggregates used are
satisfying the requirements as per Table 500-17 of
MoRT&H (ÔV Revision) specifications.
D Results of physical properties of the Plain binder used
are satisfying the requirements as per ÔS: 73-1992 for
plain bitumen.
D ?rom Marshall Mix design, optimum bitumen content is
5.7% for a Bituminous Voncrete mix and it was meeting
the requirement as per the MoRT&H ÔV revision
specifications Table 500-18 & Table 500-19.


D ?low of the mix reduces with reduction in Mixing & Vompaction
temperatures.The workability of the mix will reduce in the field.
D Stability will increase as the increase in Mixing & Vompaction
temperature up to certain level.
D Ôf there is increase in air voids, which will increase the cracks and
there will be undulations on the surface (wearing) course.
D Voids filled with bitumen will increase, due to increase in mixing
temperature & compaction temperatures.
D Voids in mineral aggregate(VMA) decreases with the increase in
compaction temperature.
  

V The ideal mixing temperature for BV grade-2
comes out to be 157.5°V (i.e. in between 150 to
165°V)
V The Ôdeal compaction temperature for BV grade-2
comes out to be 110°V & 130°V as per results of
this study.
V Transportation of BV MÔ should have Minimize
haul distance , Ônsulate truck beds and Place a
tarpaulin over the truck bed
 
  
1) Larry AK Silas Tirau, "Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt
(HMA) properties compacted at various
temperatures", project report, November-2005.
2) Dr.H.V.Mehndiratta & Praveen Kumar , ´Effect of
Mixing and Vompacting temperatures on Marshall
parameters of bituminous mixesµ.
3) Khanna.S.K., And Justo.V.E.G, "Highway material
testing Manual´.
4) Khanna.S.K.,And Justo.V.E.G, "Highway Engineeringµ
5) Specifications of Road and Bridge Works Ministry of
Road Transport and Highways (MoRT&H), Govt of
Ôndia, ?ourth Edition, 2001
Thank you