Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
modeling
Coordinate Reference Frames
Cartesian Coordinate (2D)
y
(x, y)
Polar coordinate
r
Relationship : polar & cartesian
Y
P P
y
r r
y
x
x x
Cartesian polar
x x
z
z
Answer
kV = 2[3, 4] = [6, 8]
Magnitude |kV|= 62 + 82 = 100 = 10
= k|V| = 2(5) = 10
Vector Addition
y y
V
V U+V
U U
x x
P P
Q
Example
If vector P=[1, 5, 0], vector Q=[4, 2, 0]. Compute
P+Q
answer
P + Q = [1+4, 5+2, 0+0] = [5, 7, 0]
Vector Addition & scalar
multiplication properties
U+V=V+U
T + (U + V) = (T + U) + V
k(lV) = klV
(k + l)V = kV + lV
k(U + V) = kU + kV
Scalar Product
Also referred as dot product or inner product
Produce a number.
Multiply corresponding components of the two
vectors and add the result.
If vector U = [Ux, Uy, Uz], vector V = [Vx, Vy,
Vz]
U . V = UxVx + UyVy + UzVz
Scalar Product.
Example
If vector P=[1, 5, 0], vector Q=[4, 2, 0].
Compute P . Q
answer
P . Q = 1(4) + 5(2) + 0(0)
= 14
Scalar Product properties
U.V = |U||V|cos
angle between two vectors U
= cos 1 (U.V) V
|U||V|
Example
Find the angle between vector
b=(3, 2) and vector c = (-2, 3)
Scalar Product properties
Solution
b.c = (3, 2). (-2, 3)
3(-2) + 2(3) = 0
|b| = 32 + 22 = 13 = 3.61
|c| = (-2)2 + 32 = 13 = 3.61
= cos 1 ( 0/(3.61((3.61))
= cos 1 ( 0 ) = 90
Scalar Product properties
If U is perpendicular to V, U.V = 0
U.U = |U|2
U.V = V.U
U.(V+W) = U.V + U.W
(kU).V = U.(kV)
Vector Product
Also called the cross product
Defined only for 3 D vectors
Produce a vector which is perpendicular to
both of the given vectors.
y
c=axb
c
b x
z a
Vector Product
To find the direction of vector C, use righ-
hand rules
C
B x
B x
z A
C
z A
Vector Product
To find the direction of vector C, use righ-
hand rules BxA
AxB
C
x
x
z B
A
z B C
A
exercise
Find the direction of vector C, (keluar skrin atau
kedalam skrin)
AxB Q
B PxQ
P
A
O
MxN LxO
M
N L
Vector Product
If vektor A = [Ax, Ay, Az], vektor B = [Bx, By, Bz]
AxB= i j k i j
Ax Ay Az Ax Ay
Bx By Bz Bx By
= [ (AyBz-AzBy), (AzBx-AxBz), (AxBy-AyBx)]
Vector Product
P
Example Q
If P=[1, 5, 0], Q=[4, 2, 0]. Compute P x Q
Solution
PxQ= i j k i j
1 5 0 1 5
4 2 0 4 2
= [ (5.(0)-0.(5)), (0.(4)-1.(0)), (1.(2)-5.(4))]
= [ 0, 0, -18]
Vector Product
Properties
U x V = |U||V|n sin where n = unit vector
perpendicular to both U and V
U x V = -V x U
U x (V + W) = U x V+ U x W
If U is parallel to V, U x V = 0
UxU=0
kU x V = U x kV