Anode material for high

performance Li-ion Battery

By
Bhrigumoni Deka
Integrated M.sc Physics,5th yr
Working of Lithium Ion battery
 Main Characterization criteria
Specific Charge capacity = F*Q/(m*3600) Ah/g
where F= Faradays constant, Q= net charge
involved in the reaction , m=molecular weight

Voltage= - (change in Gibbs free energy)/(n*F)

where , n= no. of electrons or charge involved
in the reaction and F= Faradays constant.
 Graphite Anode

Reduce cycle life of battery

Graphite Exfoliation

Low capacity (372 mah/g)

Can accommodate only one Li-ion with six
Carbon
Easy exfoliation
Operating potential ~ 0.2V

Find alternative material for lithium ion batteries

 Anode material for lithium ion batteries

Schematic illustration of active anode materials for the next generation

of lithium batteries. Potential vs. Li/Li+ and the corresponding capacity
density are shown.

S. Goriparti et al. / Journal of Power Sources 257 (2014) 421-443

 Types of Anode Materials

1) Intercalation/de-intercalation materials, such as TiO2,

Li4Ti5O12, etc;

2) Alloy/de-alloy materials such as Si, Ge, Sn, Al, Bi, SnO2,

etc;

3) Conversion materials like transition metal oxides (MnxOy,

NiO, FexOy, CuO, Cu2O, MoO2 etc.), metal sulphides, metal
phosphides and metal nitrides (MxXy; here X = S, P, N).
 Focus on Spinel Anodes
What is Spinel group of structures?
Spinels have General formula AB2O4.
Cations are arranged in tetrahedral and octahedral voids and
anions occupy the cubic lattice.
Advantages of Spinel Anodes
Very high specific capacity.
High cycle reversibility.
Moderately low potential enabling high energy density device application.
Cheap to produce.
Stable at wide range of temperatures.
 Performance of some Spinel Anodes

Spinel Theoretical Average Reference

capacity(mAh/ discharge
g) potential
(Volts)
CdMn2O4 839 0.5 1

ZnFe2O4 1000 ~ 0.9 2

ZnMn2O4 1026 ~ 0.6 3

Mn3O4 936 0.6 4

 References
1) Nanofibers of spinel-CdMn2O4: A new and high performance material for
supercapacitor and Li-ion batteries; Jai Bhagwan, Asit Sahoo, K.L. Yadav, Yogesh
Sharma
2) Probing the Li Insertion Mechanism of ZnFe2O4 in Li-Ion Batteries: A Combined
X-Ray Diffraction, Extended X-Ray Absorption FineStructure, and Density
Functional Theory Study;Yiman Zhang et al
3) Nanocrystalline ZnMn2O4 as a novel lithium-storage material;Yanyan Yang,
Yanqiang Zhao, Lifen Xiao , Lizhi Zhang
4) Spongelike Nanosized Mn3O4 as a High-Capacity Anode Material forRechargeable
Lithium Batteries; Jie Gao, Michael A. Lowe, and Hector D. Abru
Thank You!

Thank You!