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SYSTEM INTERFACING
Introduction - Elements of data acquisition and control - Overview of I/O process, Analog
signals, discrete signals, Data conversion process and Frequency signals, over framing.
Data Acquisition System
Analog Signal
Signal Conditioner
ADC
Communication Digital
Processing
TYPICAL DAQ SYSTEM
ELEMENTS
SIGNALS
Signals are physical quantities that are
functions of an independent variable (such as
time) and contain information about a natural
phenomenon
Two types of signals may be defined; digital
and analogue.
- Digital signals provide information regarding
the voltage state (typically hi or low) and/or
the rate of change of these states
- An analogue signal typically provides voltage
level, shape or frequency content
information.
Signal types and classes
Two types of Digital signals:
- on-off - pulse train,
Three types of analogue
- DC - AC - frequency domain
Total of 5 signal classes
Flash ADC
Sigma-delta ADC
Dual slope converter
Successive approximation converter
Flash ADC
parallel A/D
Uses a series of
comparators
Each comparator
compares Vin to a
different reference
voltage, starting
w/ Vref = 1/2 lsb
Sigma-Delta ADC
Integrator
Digital
Vin + +
- low-pass
Sample
decimator
-
filter
Oversample
r Serial output
1-bit
DAC
- Sets MSB
SAR DAC
VIN +
Converts MSB to
1000 0000
0100
analog using DAC
Out
Compares guess to
If no, then test next bit
input
Set bit
Test next bit
What is a DAC?
A digital to analog
converter (DAC) is a
device that converts
digital numbers (binary)
into an analog voltage or
current output.
1 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 DAC
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What is a DAC?
Analog Output Signal
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011
Digital Input Signal
Purpose
Reference Voltage
24
Types of DAC Circuits
1. Resistor String
2. Binary Weighted Resistor
3. R-2R Ladder
25
Types of DAC Circuits
1. Resistor String
2. Binary Weighted Resistor
3. R-2R Ladder
26
Types of DAC Circuits
1. Resistor String
2. Binary Weighted Resistor
3. R-2R Ladder
27
Resistor String DAC
28
Binary Weighted Resistor DAC
Basic Idea:
Use a summing Vref
op-amp circuit R
Rf
Use transistors to 2R
switch between 4R
high and ground - Vout
Use resistors +
scaled by two to 2nR
divide voltage on
each branch by a
power of two
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R-2R Resistor Ladder DAC
0 0 0 0
4 bit converter