Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
suffix that
two articulated with describes an
the tongue action or
process
Bloomfield, 1933: Bilingualism is the native-like control of two
languages
Haugen, 1953: bilingualism begins at the point where the speaker
of one language can produce complete meaningful utterances in the
other language
Diebolds, 1964: Incipient bilingualism the initial stages of contact
between two languages
Mackey, 1968: the alternate use of two or more languages
Degree focus on ability. How well does the bilingual know each of the
languages?
Function focus on the uses the speaker has for each of the languages
and the roles these languages play.
Alternation focus on to what point the individual alternates between
the languages.
Interference focus on to what point the speaker is able to distinguish
between the two languages, keeping them apart or allowing them to
merge together.
Types of Bilingualism
Individual Level
Weinreich (1967)
Coordinate bilingualism
Compound bilingualism
Sub-coordinate bilingualism
Coordinate bilingualism
The learning of two languages in two different settings
the words of the languages are kept completely
separated
each word has its own independent meaning
E.g. school bilingualism: an English student studying
Spanish at school = 2 languages, 2 different contexts.
Book .v. libro
Book Libro
Compound bilingualism
The learning of two languages in the same context, used at
the same time
The two languages have an amalgamated representation;
inter-reliant
Loewe (1888) two-member system of the same language
E.g. cultural bilingualism: an individual at home who has an
English mother and Spanish father, and speaks the two
languages with their parents.
Book Libro
Sub-coordinate bilingualism
Individual interpreting the words of his weaker
language via the words of his/her stronger language
The bilingual has one set of meanings established
through his/hers first language, with a different
linguistic system attached to them.
E.g. a Spanish person hears the word book in
English, relates the word to their stronger language
(libro) inducing the meaning of the word in English.
Social class: the people who speak a language also play an important role its
survival rather than the number of people that speak it.
Ties with the homeland/native language: Refugees may reject their first
language owing to its connections with the turmoil they left behind.
Group:
Group membership can be observed with criteria such as age, sex, race
and religion.
It is also apparent in a socio-psychological sense of reference group
member.
Situation:
Topic:
Certain topics tend to be handled better in one language than the other.
A language may deal with a certain topic better than another because the
latter lacks the specific terminology required of the subject.
Grosjeans view on language choice
Spelling:
BILINGUISM: in villages
MONOLINGUALISM: in cities
DIGLOSIA: -Formal situations: Galician
-Informal situations: Castilian
BILINGUALISM
PROCESS OF DESGALEIZACIN
Low usages:
instructions to waiters
conversations with family, friends, colleagues
radio soap opera
caption on political cartoon
folk literature