Under the Guidance of

Dr. N.SATHIESWARAN.Ph.D.,
Asst. Prof / Civil Engg.
Regional Centre,
Anna University-Tirunelveli.

Submitted By
C.REXIN ,
M.E. Structural Engg.
950014413019.
 INTRODUCTION:
For a number of decades Composite columns have been
widely used in the construction industry due to there
significant advantages over reinforced concrete members.
Composite columns consist of a combination of concrete and
steel which make use of the best properties of these
constituent materials.
The use of composite columns can result in high-bearing
capacity and ductility, significant savings in column size,
eliminate permanent formwork and reduce construction
time.
Aluminium tubular members are used in structural
applications due to their lightness, corrosion resistance, high
strength-to-weight ratio, ease of production, recyclable and
availability.
 Aluminium tubular members are used in space structures,
curtain walls, bridges and other structural applications.
The aluminium tube columns filled with concrete can
effectively take advantages such as high strength and high
stiffness.
The method of repairing or strengthening of structures
Externally by using fibre reinforced polymer(FRP)
strengthening can be considered as an alternative solution.
OBJECTIVE:
To study the compression behavior of Concrete Filled
Aluminium Section.
To investigate the Retrofitting of Basalt Strips on
60%,70% and 80% damaged structures.
 LITRERATURE REVIEW:
SL. TITLE AUTHOR AND MATERIAL USED AND EXPERIMENTAL CONCLUSIONS
NO
YEAR OF OBSERVATIONS
PUBLICATION

1 Structural Kadhim Material Used: The Aluminium pipe

Behaviour of Zuboon Nasser Circular aluminium tube section provides lateral support
Concrete /2012. 6061-T6 heat treated aluminium and increase the ultimate
Filled alloy strength and ductility of
Aluminium Concrete of design strength the column.
Tubular 24.1MPa. The Slenderness ratio
Columns Experimental Observation: affects the ultimate
Standard tensile coupon test compression load
conducted to measure the properties capacity.
of aluminium tube
Compression test conducted over
24 specimen using UTM of
1000KN capacity.
Magnetic Dial gauge is used to
determine the vertical
displacement.
 Concrete-filled Feng Zhou, Material used: Stiffness of the composite
2 aluminium circular Ben Young. Circular heat treated aluminium tube section. column improves
hollow section /2009. Concrete of certain grade under American It is also shown that the
column tests specifications and Australian/New Zealand ductility of concrete- filled
standards. aluminium CHS stub
Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). columns decrease with the
Experimental Observation: increase of the concrete
A servo-controlled hydraulic testing machine strength.
was used to apply compressive axial force to The concrete- filled
the column specimens. aluminium CHS stub
The ends of column where cast in plaster to columns reach the ultimate
ensure uniform loading. loads before the aluminium
Three displacement transducers used to CHS tubes reach the yield
measure axial shortening and five strain stress
gauges to monitor axial strain.

Tests of concrete- Feng Zhou, Material used: The initial part of the load
3 filled aluminium Ben Young. square and rectangular heat treated aluminium axial shortening curves of the
stub columns /2008. tube section. concrete-filled aluminium
Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). tube columns has a larger
Normal concrete(40, 70 and 100 MPa cylinder gradient compared with the
strength) aluminium tube columns
Experimental Observation: without concrete infill.
Displacement control was used to drive the The ductility of the concrete-
hydraulic actuator at a constant speed of 0.2 filled aluminium tube
mm/min. columns only slightly improve
A data acquisition system was used to record the as compared with the
applied load, displacement and axial strain aluminium tube columns
readings at regular intervals during the test. without concrete infill
A servo-controlled hydraulic testing machine because the aluminium tube
was used to apply compressive axial force to the split near the corner.
column specimens
 FRP strengthened S.M. Zahurul Material used: In this study the critical
4 aluminium tubular Islam, heat-treated aluminium square and failure accrued in FRP
sections subjected Ben Young. rectangular tubular section strengthen aluminium
to web crippling /2011. Six different adhesives and FRP tubular section by
Experimental Observation: Debonding failure. It is
The external Surface is prepared to achieve caused due to initial
an effective bond between the aluminium alloy cracking of section from top
and FRP since abraded surfaces provide and bottom.
better adhesives than polished surfaces. More flexible and less stiff
Due to aluminium soft material properties adhesive are highly efficient
grinding, needle gunning, sandblasting, and than high rigid adhesives
other similar mechanical surface treatments since high rigid adhesives
were not considered in this study. posses low bonding strength.

Web crippling of S.M. ZahurulIslam, Material used: While applying load the
5 aluminium tubular Ben Young heat-treated aluminium square and rectangular section buckle outwards and
structural members /2012. tubular section cause debonding of CFRP
strengthened by carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) The failure mode of the
CFRP Experimental Observation: strengthened aluminium
The outer surfaces of the aluminium tubular tubular sections changed as
section(ATS) undergoes sanding in which the slenderness ratio
medium grit sand paper was used for the surface increases.
treatment to enhance proper bonding. Generally, debonding initiated
The adhesive thickness is applied uniformly from the end of the CFRP
(0.8mm) using ribbed roller and it is used to plate that experienced high
maintain uniform thickness and removes air. interfacial stresses developed.
The test specimen were tested after 7days of
curing at room temperature.
 Strengthening of P. Kiruthik, Material used: The most common failure
6 Concrete Filled S.Balasubramanian Steel tubular sections occurred in sections are
Steel , carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) overall buckling, resin
Tubular Columns M.C.Sundarraj, Glass fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) crushing and fibre rupture.
using FRP J.Jegan. Normal concrete The crushing of resin with
Composites /2015. Experimental Observation: loud sound followed by
Steel tube provides equal and uniform rupture of fibres was
continuous pressure on the concrete core thus observed at the mid height
increase ultimate load carrying capacity. of unwrapped portion.
In this study the width, spacing and number Delamination of fibres was
of layers of FRP is studied in accordance to its not observed in any of the
strength. samples due to proper
The top and bottom portion of the specimen bonding .
was smoothen using surface-grinding machine The CFRP strips help to
and the Rust and loose debris were removed delaying the overall
using steel wire brush. buckling under its peak
The specimens were allowed to cure for the load.
period of 10 days under room temperature. The deflection was also
delayed due to the increased
in wrap fibre width.

Experimental Ji-Hua Zhu, Material used: In this study the transverse

7 investigation of Ben Young. heat-treated aluminium circular tubular section welded columns reached 54
aluminum alloy /2005. Experimental Observation: 76% of the test strength of
circular hollow In this the samples are transversely welded to non-transverse welded
section aluminum end plates using the Tungsten Inert column.
columns Gas welding. The material yielding accurse
when heat-treated aluminum alloys are welded, in the heat-affected zone in
the heat generated from the welding reduces the short welded columns
material strength significantly in a localized
region and it is known as the heat-affected zone
(HAZ)
 STUDY OF A.P.GHORAPADE, Material used: In this study CFRP
8 BEHAVIOR OF H.S.JADHAV. Square Steel tubular sections strengthening just delays
HOLLOW /2015. carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) buckling; it doesnt make
SQUARE STEEL Experimental Observation: any change in the mode
COLUMN The CFRP retrofitted section the load shape of the buckling.
STRENGTHENED carrying capacity increase about 4% to 16%. Due to double warping of
WITH CFRP CFRP has the properties like high strength to CFRP the strength increase
weight ratio, high resistance to corrosion, by 13.54 % and 15.28 %
environmental degradation, easy to handle respectively.
and it can be retrofitted to any shape. The test results are
Epoxy Resin is an adhesive material used for compared between
steel and CFRP bonding. It can be made by experimental results and
the combination of Resin and Hardener. ABAQUS.
In slender sections the CFRP sheets increase
flexural stiffness o and resists tension at the
outer face during large deflection.
These column sections were analysed using
finite element software ABAQUS.

Structural behaviour Burak Evirgen, Material used: The ultimate load capacity
9 of concrete filled Ahmet Tuncan, Circular, hexagonal, rectangular and square steel and displacement of circular
steel tubular sections Kivanc Taskin. tubes and hexagonal hollow
/2014.
under axial Normal concrete specimens were higher than
compression Experimental Observation: those of square and
The sections were welded along the cutting rectangular specimens
surfaces using an argon welding machine. Square and rectangular
All the sides of the specimens were covered by specimens carried more load
hydrated lime to observe possible cracks during but they indicated less
the test. displacement.
In this study two strain gauges were used on the Ultimate load capacity values
front and at the rear sides of the specimens and a changes according to the
LVDT is used to measure elongation and cross sectional shape, steel
shortening along a working axis. wall thickness and concrete
 COMPARATIVE S.D.BEDAGE, Material used: The CFST section delays local
10 STUDY OF Dr. D.N.SHINDE. Circular, rectangular and square steel buckling due to interaction
CONCRETE /2015. tubes between concrete and steel
FILLED STEEL Concrete of M20, M30, M40 tube besides the steel tubes
TUBES UNDER Experimental Observation: provided sufficient confining
AXIAL The CFST specimen is placed centrally on effect to concrete
COMPRESSION plates of compression testing machine and The CFST failure pat-urn
care should be taken at the end surfaces on differ for each cross section in
which concrete filled steel tubes keeping which the circular cross
for testing should be plane to ensure section fails in length due to
uniform loadind. distortional buckling and the
The finite element analysis software failure accurse at both ends
ABAQUS is used for analysis. in square and rectangular
section due to local buckling

Experimental M. C. Material used: The distinctive buckling failure

11 Investigation on the SUNDARRAJA, Circular hollow steel (elephants foot buckling) is
Behaviour of CHS B.SHANMUGAVA Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) exhibited in all un-strengthened
LLI.
Short Columns Experimental Observation: specimens.
/2014.
Strengthened Using Fibre wrapping was done along the full Due to outward local buckling
FRP Composites length of the column with a 30mm wide near the ends cause CFRP
under Compression CFRP strips. ruptures in strengthen column
In this study 20mm ,40mm and 60mm centre this shows perfect bonding
to centre spacing between strips and 2 between the steel and CFRP.
numbers of CFRP layers were examined. some amount of inward
buckling was caused due to the
resistance offered by the CFRP
against outward buckling
 An experimental J. Zeghiche, Material used: The increase of the concrete
12 behaviour of K. Chaoui. Circular hollow steel core strength is effective for
concrete-filled /2004. Normal concrete shorter columns and the
steel Experimental Observation: strength decreases with the
tubular columns Progressive vibration was employed in order increase of the composite
to eliminate air pockets in the concrete and column length
give a homogeneous mix It can be seen that
The failure mode of the short composite increasing the column
specimens was crushing failure where the steel length decreases the
wall was pushed out by the concrete core in strength of the columns
turn the concrete was found to have taken the
shape of the deformed steel tube, which
illustrates the composite action of the section.

Behaviour of Anil Kumar Patidar. Material used: The deflection is maximum at

13 Concrete Filled /2012. Rectangular steel tubes the mid heights of the
Rectangular Steel Concrete of M20, M30,and M40 columns for concentrically
Tube Column Experimental Observation: loaded columns.
The non-linear finite element analysis program The hollow steel tube column
ANSYS12 has been used to predict the ultimate however deform to a greater
loads, and failure modes of hollow and in-filled extent as compared with the
light gauge steel section under hinged end column having the in fill
conditions. material.
The numerical simulation consists of two stages The finite element proposed
Eigen value analysis, Nonlinear buckling model shows the resistance to
analysis deformation when concrete is
Nonlinear buckling analysis is a static method used as infill material and
which accounts for material and geometric non- deformation decreases when
linearity, load perturbations, geometric an increase in the grade of
imperfections, and gaps. concrete.
 Behavior of Darshika kShah, Material used: From the results of the
14 Concrete Filled Merool D. Vakil, Circular hollow steel parametric study showed that
Steel Tube Column M.N.Patel. Normal concrete the column design rules
specified in the American
/2014. Experimental Observation:
Specifications and Australian
The confinement effect provided by the steel Standards are conservative.
tube with a concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) However, the design strengths
short column increases the strength of the predicted by the Euro-code 4
concrete core . are generally un-conservative.
the concrete is enhanced in its performance as it It appears to be more suitable
suffers less creep and shrinkage and the quality to use medium strength
improves, thus allowing a larger compressive concrete for high strength is
stress to be resisted by the internal concrete. very expensive to use and
does not provide sufficient
benefits.

Compressive M. Dundu Material used: All CFST columns failed by

15 strength of circular /2012. Circular hollow steel
concrete filled steel Normal concrete
tube columns Experimental Observation:
Each circular hollow section (CHS) was filled
with concrete in 4 layers and An extra 15 mm
layer was cast at the top of the columns to
account for possible concrete shrinkage.
The finished CFST columns were sealed with
plastic sheeting at the top to retain moisture in
the concrete and The specimens were allowed to
cure for 28 days. This was done to ensure that
the hydration of cement can continue properly
without premature hardening of the concrete.
overall flexural buckling, with
minor local buckling
occurring close to the centre
of the columns
It shows Bulges near the top
end of the columns are clear
evidence of outward local
buckling this is due to
crushing failure of concrete
core which push the steel tube
out wards
Composite tubes with large d/t
ratios experienced more local
buckling combined with
concrete crushing compared to
those with small d/t ratios
 MATERIALS TO BE USED
OPC 53 grade
Fine aggregates
Coarse aggregates(10mm)
Water
Basalt Fiber
Vinyl Ester Resin
Aluminium Rectangular Hollow Section of Size
100mm*45mm*1.5mm of Height 425mm
BASALT FIBER
Introduction:
Basalt fiber is a material made from a single material of crushed
basalt rock, which composed of the minerals like
plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine.
Basalt fiber is a continuous fiber produced.
It is made by the melting of igneous basalt rock at an
temperature of 2700 F (1,500 C).
Basalt fibers typically have a filament diameter of between
9 to 13 m.
They also have a high elastic modulus which resulting in
excellent specific strength three times that of steel and it
shows high temperature and abrasion resistance
PROPERTIES:

Property Value

Tensile strength 4.84 GPa

Elastic modulus 89 GPa

Elongation at break 3.15%

Density 2.7 g/cm

USES:
Heat protection, used in High pressure vessels, Friction
materials, Lamp posts, Concrete reinforcement, Cavity wall ties.
VINYL ESTER RESIN:
The flexible nature can withstand impacts and
repeated flexing without developing cracks.
Vinyl esters provide excellent resistance to water,
organic solvents and alkalis.
Vinyl esters are stronger than polyesters and more
resilient than epoxies.