OF SPRAYS Guide: Prof. Shamit Bakshi Mentor: Manas Pal
Presentation by S.Kaushik Ram
Diesel Sprays - Liquid phase axial penetration Mie scattering used for visualization
Fuel vaporization depends on air entrainment in the cylinder (turbulent mixing)
Liquid length is inversely proportional to fuel volatility Important in small-bore DI diesel engines - liquid impingement on the piston bowl walls Liquid length linearly increases with increased injector tip orifice diameter Liquid length independent of orifice pressure drop change in fuel flow rate due to changed pressure difference must exactly equal the change in fuel evaporation rate Liquid length decreases non-linearly with increased ambient gas density & temperature Liquid length decreases with increased fuel temperature as less energy is required to vaporize the fuel
Why do we conduct research on spray modelling? sp. Direct Injection Engines
Study and enhance combustion characteristics and control exhaust emissions Influence of fuel on spray characteristics
Higher fuel density (biodiesel), increased injection pressure, advanced
injection, higher spray velocity, narrower spray and large penetration lengths Higher viscosity and surface tension effects such as decreased initial spray velocity and wide cone angle, negligible large nozzle orifice diameter Larger average droplet size and slower droplet vaporization fuel richness Primary breakup from the nozzle huge impact on spray macro-characteristics: turbulence and cavitation induced breakup predominant at nozzle exit aerodynamic breakup increase significantly as we move away from the nozzle Breakup parameters had to be tuned by rigorous experimental validation
Increasingly stricter emission regulations and greater demand for fuel
economy makes the injector most critical in modern diesel engines Fuel temperature and Ambient Gas Temperature effects on the Diesel Spray Numerical analysis model RH and KT hybrid breakup model, defining a hybrid model for the fluid instability problem of the breakup of droplets Droplet breakup occurs when the inertial force of droplets is larger than the surface tension force, and the Kinetic + Surface Energy remains constant Spray tip penetration increases with increased fuel temperature, fuel density reduces and results in the decrease of spray momentum (also because the kinematic viscosity and the surface tension of the fuel reduces) Spray cone angle increases with increased fuel temperature implying that spray cone angle is inversely proportional to fuel density (spray momentum decrease in the axial direction, a postulation for the observation) High ambient gas temperature induces active droplet evaporation and the spray tip penetration increased with increasing ambient gas temperature (reduces ambient gas density) while the spray cone angle gradually decreased Evaporation characteristics of diesel fuel is enhanced above the boiling temperature and this affects atomization characteristics Nozzle Orifice Geometry Base vs Hydroground vs Conical Nozzles
Conicity suppresses cavitation and turbulence within the nozzle and
subsequently the primary breakup, slowing it up producing larger droplets and increased liquid penetration, mass flow rate reduces too (due to small dia.) Liquid length increases linearly with orifice diameter and remains approximately constant with varying pressure drop Higher flow efficiency (discharge coefficient) for the hydroground nozzle Least liquid penetration for the base nozzle due to enhanced primary breakup caused by cavitation and turbulence within the nozzle, smaller SMD Better spray penetration for the hydroground nozzle in comparison to the conical nozzle due to the higher fuel injection rate Spray dispersion increases and peak projection density decreases with increasing axial distance, with the extrema in both going to the base nozzle Enhanced liquid breakup leads to smaller droplets and higher dispersion, enhanced fuel-air leading to earlier injection for the base nozzle Macroscopic Spray Characterization Momentum flux and injection rate increase with increased pressure of injection Momentum coefficient remaining relatively constant in account of cavitation taking place in the nozzle hole, and decreases with increasing ambient density Spray tip penetration and spray velocity increases with increased injection pressure and decreases with increased ambient density (As it loses momentum) Spray cone angle increases with increased ambient density, as increases the resistance to spray development in the axial direction, no effect of pressure Spray volume increases with injection pressure, droplet size decreases and the probability of air entrainment between the droplets increases Air-fuel mixing better for higher ambient density for the same penetration, since the cone angle is higher and the spray volume is higher As pressure difference in increased, amount of vapour volume fraction increased due to cavitation, as a result of turbulence generation Diesel Spray Numerical model validation No Oxygen at the time of injection spray vaporizes and doesnt ignite Nuricks model for cavitation within the nozzle Bag break up (C1) and Stripping break up (C2) tuned breakup model Eulerian approach for the liquid phase, which is modelled as separate droplets and Langrangian approach for the gaseous phase Models for cavitation, droplets primary and secondary break up, coalescence, turbulence dispersion and evaporation What I havent understood Two contradictory theories for the effect of ambient gas temperature on spray tip penetration: An increase in ambient gas temperature causes a decrease in the ambient gas density according to the ideal gas law, and lower ambient gas density leads to the active development of spray penetration The entrained higher temperature ambient gas contains more energy and will heat the liquid fuel to a higher temperature resulting in the overall increase in the vaporization rate and the shortening of spray required to entrain hot gas to vaporize the fuel The fluid instability problem in the high pressure injection of fuel in the combustion chamber multi-phase flow liquid and gas (fuel and air) interaction mass, momentum and energy RT and KH hybrid breakup models Choosing the grid and numerically resolving the setup into a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) problem and the subsequent numerical analysis Eulerian-Lagrangian approach in CFD simulations KH-ACT model for primary breakup and KH-RT model for secondary breakup References Effects of Gas Density and Vaporization on Penetration and Dispersion of Diesel Sprays - Jeffrey D. Naber and Dennis L. Siebers Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Spray Simulations - Primoz Pogorevc, Breda Kegl, and Leopold Skerget Comparison of experimental and predicted atomization characteristics of high- pressure diesel spray under various fuel and ambient temperature - Su Han Park, Hyung Jun Kim and Chang Sik Lee Effect of nozzle orifice geometry on spray, combustion, and emission characteristics under diesel engine conditions - Sibendu Soma, Anita I. Ramirez, Douglas E. Longman, Suresh K. Aggarwal Macroscopic spray characterization under high ambient density conditions - Balaji Mohan, Wenming Yang, Kun Lin Tay, Wenbin Yu Simultaneous Shadowgraph/Mie Scattering Imaging of Liquid and Vapor Phases of Diesel Sprays and Validation of a Numerical Model - Alessandro Montanaro, Luigi Allocca, and Ugo Sorge