Ainun Jariyah

No. Peserta 17026715710025

NUPTK 2061766667300023

SMP Muhammadiyah 5 Cimahi

 Learner Characteristics
Developmenta Infancy (0-2 years old): dominant
l Psychology physical development
Childhood (2-12 years old):

developmental stages
Rousseaus Child
speaking, intelectuality, moral
Method Approach develops
Pubescence (12-15 years old):
intelectual growth, adventurous
Longitudinal comprehensive Adolescence (15-25 years old):
sexual, social, moral, more civilized

Cross-sectional Specific

Sensorimotoric (0-2 years old)

Comprehensive Specific
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Stanley Hall
Piagets
developmental stages
Pra-operational (2-4 years old)
Concrete Operational (7-11
years old)
Formal operational (11-15
Jean Piaget (cognitive) years old)
Lawrence Kohlberg (cognitive moral)

Havigurst Erick Homburger (psychosocial)

 Behavioristics
Learning Theory Cognitive
Behavioristics
Thorndike: satisfaction as effect of reinforcement after correct response to
a stimulus
Pavlov: Conditioning. Students should be given conditionings.
Skinner: reward vs reinforcement; positive vs negative reinforcement
Bandura: learning through imitation

Vygotsky: constructivism: using background/ prior knowledge to be able to

comprehend new knowledge, experience. Restructuring the knowledge
structure to build larger cognitive structure.
Van Hiele: five-staged geometry comprehension
Ausubel: meaningful learning. It is meaningful when new knowledge being
learned is connected to, is linked to the knowledge previously learned.
Bruner: the importance of knowledge structure. > structured knowledge/
material
Teaching and Learning Models
Learning models which conform the 2013 curriculums principles:

Saintific Approach Project-based Learning

Determining the project
Observing Designing the steps of the project
Questioning Making the schedule
Experimenting Doing the project
Associating Reporting/ presenting the result of the
Communicating project
evaluation

Problem-based Learning Inquiry/ Discovery Learning

Formulating questions
Clarification of the problem Planning
Brainstorming Data collection and analysis
Data collection Conclusion
Discussion to find solution Application of the result and follow-up
Presenting the problem solving
Reflection
Teaching and Learning Media
Teaching and learning media is defined as the medium used to
facilitate communication between learning source and learners and
to support the learning process to achieve learning objectives.

Media is distinguished into: Based on its function, media is classified

into two (Suherman et.al., 2001: 200):
1) Text
1) Knowledge/ information carrier:
2) Audio computer, LCD projector, etc.
3) Visual 2) Tools for inculcating concepts:
4) Animate media worksheet, realia, graphic, etc.

5) Manipulative media
6) Human
Teaching Learning Assessment
According to Permendikbud No.53 tahun 2015, learning assessment is a
process of collecting data or information about students learning
achievement in affective (attitude) aspect, cognitive (knowledge) aspect, and
psychomotor (skill) aspect, which is well-planned and sistematic which is
conducted to monitor the process, learning progress, and the improvement of
learning through assignment and learning evaluation.
Function: to monitor learning progress, detect the need for remedial teaching
continuously. Formative function: to improve
 Study Program Module A
Communicative
Cohesion: surface text
text

Text and Non-text Coherence: relation between concepts, ideas

Intentionality: the writers intention

Etymologically, the word text comes from a Latin verb
textere meaning weave which metaphorically suggests
Acceptability: relevant for readers
a sequence of sentences or utterances interwoven
structurally and semantically.
Informativity: known/ expected vs unknown/
Terminologically, a text is language in use. It is a unexpected
semantic unit (not a grammatical unit) in the form of any Situationality: text being relevant to the situation
passage spoken or written- of whatever lenght which
form a unified whole (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:1-2). It is Intertextuality: the use of one text dependent on the
language in action, conversation, telephone talk, debate, knowledge of another/ previous text.
public notices, etc. Situationality

In linguistics and stylistics, text is commonly used to

Intertextuality
refer to a sequential collection of sentences or
utterances which form a unity because they are
linguistically cohesive and semantically coherent, e.g. an
article, a poem, a recipe, a public lecture, etc.
Modality: modal verbs, modal auxiliary
verbs
Special verbs which gives additional information about the function of the
main verbs.
ability, possibility, probability, permission, obligation, etc.
The characteristics of modal verbs:
They never change their form (no inflection: the adding of es, -ed, -
ing).
Followed by an infinitive without to (bare infinitive)
Allowing speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation,
necessity, ability, etc.
Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Must, Dare, Ought to, Had
better, Need not
 Logical Connectors
Type Explanation
Subordinating Introduce adverb clauses
conjunctions Either the dependent clause or the independent clause may come first in the sentence,
with no change in meaning.
e.g. After she gave birth, she became more cheerful.
She became more cheerful after she gave birth.
Prepositions is followed by a noun or a noun phrase.
Either clause may appear first.
e.g. She became very shy in the class due to her lack of ability in counting.
Transitions and Joins two sentences separated by a period or two clauses separated by a semi-colon.
Conjunctive Only one order of the sentences is possible.
adverbs The transition may appear in the initial part of the clause, the end of the clause or
between the subject and verb of the second sentence.
e.g. She has plentyful wealth and many friends. Nevertheless, she is still unhappy.
Conjunctions One possible order.
A comma is used before the conjunction.
In academic writing, do not begin a sentence with a conjunction.
e.g. He has broken his promise, so his wife doesnt trust him anymore.
Notice and Announcement
Short functional text is a short text which has function to give information to someone
about something.
Notice is a sign in a public place giving information or instruction. Notice can be command,
caution, information and prohibition. It is written in simple words, concise and easy to
understand.

Announcement is an important or official

statement which informs people about
something. It is often seen in school,
hospital, and other public places.

Advertisement
Etymologically, advertisement, in its basic form, advertise,
comes from Latin advertere which means informing
somebody about something or drawing attention to
something. It can be stated that advertisement is information
which functions to persuade people.
Terminologically, advertisement is a form of communication
used to encourage or persuade an audience (viewers, readers
or listeners) to continue or take some new action.
Advertisement is publication promoting a product, service, or
event.
There are five parts in advertisement:
o Headline
o Subheads
o Bodycopy
o Slogan
o Closing.
Language features of advertisement:
The use of simple and informal words such as
Youve gotta try it!,
Misspelling and coinages, like We know
eggsactly how to sell eggs,
Frequent use of particular verbs. The
commonly used verbs are try, ask, get, take,
let, send for, use, call, make, come on,
hurry, see, give, come, remember, discover,
serve, introduce, choose, and look for.
The use of positive adjectives. Adjectives
with positive connotation are commonly
used, such as new, crisp, fresh, good/
better/ best, fine, free big, great, delicious,
real, full, sure, easy, bright, clean, extra,
safe, special, rich, strong, stylish, etc.
Frequent use of compounds, for example,
chocolate-flavored cereal, fresh-tasting
milk, etc.
More simple sentences, fewer complex
sentences
More interrogative sentences and imperative
sentences, e.g. Trust me! It works., Want
a slim body?
 Narrative
Social Function: to tell a story and to amuse the readers.
Generic Structure:
(ABSTRACT) ^ ORIENTATION ^ [(EVALUATION)]N ^ COMPLICATION ^ RESOLUTION ^ (CODA)
Lexicogrammatical aspects: dominated by material process, past tense, conjunction (spatial
and temporal)
Types of Narrative: [first person/ projection]
Point of View [first person/ --projection]
1) First Person Point of view
[third person/ projection]
[third person/ --projection]
2) Third person point of view
Projection:
1) Quoting/ direct speech
2) Reporting/ reported speech.
News Item

News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day.