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ë A transformer is a static piece of apparatus
uses for transferring power from one circuit to
an other without change in frequency.
ë It can raise or lower the voltage with a
corresponding decrease or increase in current.
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ë ’araday's law of electromagnetic induction.

ë E = M di/dt
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ë ’or additional load which for some reason
must be kept isolated from the secondary.
ë In star/star connected transformers, to allow
sufficient earth fault current (zero sequence
component current) to flow for operation of
protective gear, to supress hormonic voltages
and to limit voltage unbalance when the main
load is asymmetrical, the tertiary winding is
delta connected.
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ë ñoltage of the system can be varied by
changing the turn ratio of transformer. The
device tapchanger is used for adding or cutting
out turns of primary or secondary winding of a
transformer.
 



ë Insulating oil forms a very significant part of
transformer insulating system and has the important
function of acting as an electrical insulation as well as
a coolant to dissipate heat losses
ë Insulating oil is hydrocarbon mineral oil consist of
four major organic compounds
ë Paraffins
ë Naphtanes
ë Aromatics
ë Olefines
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ë ONAN = oil natural air natural
ë ONA’ = oil natural air forced
ë O’A’ = oil forced air forced
ë O’ ’ = oil forced water forced
ë ODA’ = oil directed air forced
ë OD ’ = oil directed water forced
 

ë The relay serves as main protection for any
minor or major faults that may develop inside
a transformer. Such faults always results in
generation of gases which cause the operation
of mercury switches giving signal for alarm or
isolates the transformer from the network.
ë The relay is mounted in the pipe at an
inclination of 3-
3-7°
 
  !"#$ 



ë `
OZ relay operates due to presence of
gases.
ë Analyzing the gases dissolved in the oil or
collected from the buchloz relay greatly
facilitates detection of fault in the transformer.
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%


ë If gases are non-
non-inflammable then transformer
can put back into service as it is due to entry of
air which can be removed by purging.
 

%

ë Inflammable gases may be due to serious fault.
It is therefore essential to disconnect the
transformer.
ë Then measure the acid content. Acidic nature
of gases imply the serious fault in the
transformer.
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  ñ & 
ë It shows the angular displacement b/w .ñ.
and .ñ. winding.
ë The phase displacement is indicated by the
angle in terms of clock face. The ñ vector
being at 12 o, clock (zero) and the
corresponding ñ vector at hour hand number.
 Ô

ñ & 

ºroup Phase
onnections

Displacement
1 Zero Yy0, Dd0

2 180°
180° Yy6, Dd6

3 30°
30° lag Dy1, Yd1

4 30°
30° lead Dy11, Yd11